Behavioural Science and its Contribution to Organizational Behavior Essay

Chapter 1 Introduction: Behavioural science is the systematic analysis and investigation of human behaviour through controlled and naturalistic observation, and disciplined scientific experimentation. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation. Behavioral sciences could be categorized into three main forms psychology, sociology and anthropology. Insights from several pure disciplines across behavioural sciences are explored by various applied disciplines and practiced in the context of everyday life and business. These applied disciplines of behavioural science include: organizational behavior, operations research, consumer behaviour and media psychology. Behavioural sciences abstract empirical data to investigate the decision processes and communication strategies within and between organisms in a social system. Behavioural sciences abstract empirical data to investigate the decision processes and communication strategies within and between org anisms in a social system. Scientists in this field looks at individuals and their behavior along with the behavior of societies, groups, and cultures, as well as processes that can contribute to specific behaviors. There is a great deal of overlap between this field and the social sciences, which can sometimes lead to confusion. The social sciences tend to focus more on structural systems and cultures, while behavioral science tends to look at the reactions within and between organisms that dictate behavioral trends Organizational Behavior is the study of individuals and their behavior within the context of the organization in a workplace setting. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication and management Statement of the problem Many modern organizations are faced with numerous challenges such as illegal and unethical behaviour in a number of business transactions. Managers are also faced with the challenge of evaluating the effect of this critical behaviour on the performance of such organizations. Again, many business managers operate their activities today, without keen interest of bothering whether their actions are right or wrong and the extent of employees  understanding of the term ethics while the level of compliance is highly infinitesimal, (Oladunni 2002).The way Nigerian society cares little about the welfare of the employees tend to make some of these business operators to begin to wonder about the necessity of behavioural science in an organization. Objective of research The objectives of this research among others are to:[a]critically x-ray the effects of behavioral science on organizational performance.[b]establish whether behavioural science has any relationship with organizational performance.[c]show-case the necessity of behavioural science to the success and eventual institutionalization of an organization Chapter 2 Literature review Behavioral science is any of various disciplines dealing with the subject of human actions, usually including the fields of sociology, social and cultural anthropology, psychology, and behavioral aspects of biology, economics, geography, law, psychiatry, and political science. The term gained currency in the 1950s in the United States; it is often used synonymously with â€Å"social sciences,† although some writers distinguish between them. The term behavioral sciences suggests an approach that is more experimental than that connoted by the older term social sciences. Behavioral and social sciences research is a large, multifaceted field, encompassing a wide array of disciplines. The field employs a variety of methodological approaches including: surveys and questionnaires, interviews, randomized clinical trials, direct observation, physiological manipulations and recording, descriptive methods, laboratory and field experiments, standardized tests, economic a nalyses, statistical modeling, ethnography, and evaluation. Yet, behavioral and social sciences research is not restricted to a set of disciplines or methodological approaches. Instead, the field is defined by substantive areas of research that transcend disciplinary and methodological boundaries. In addition, several key cross-cutting themes characterize social and behavioral sciences research. These include: an emphasis on  theory-driven research; the search for general principles of behavioral and social functioning; the importance ascribed to a developmental, lifespan perspective; an emphasis on individual variation, and variation across sociodemographic categories such as gender, age, and sociocultural status; and a focus on both the social and biological contexts of behavior. The core areas of behavioral and social sciences research are divided into basic or fundamental research and applied research. The basic and applied research distinction serves more of an organizational function for purposes of this definition, rather than representing firm boundaries within the field. Indeed, many studies have both basic and applied components. Moreover, basic and applied research is often complementary. Basic research frequently provides the foundation for subsequent applied research, and applied research often influences the direction of basic research. Definition of â€Å"behavioral†Ã¢â‚¬  For purposes of this definition, the term â€Å"behavioral† refers to overt actions; to underlying psychological processes such as cognition, emotion, temperament, and motivation; and to biobehavioral interactions. Behavioral science a science or branch of learning, as psychology or sociology that derives its concepts from observation of the behavior of living organism.according to â€Å"prof B J Inyang 2008 behavioural sciences is the scientific study of human behaviour Behavioral Sciences Literature A considerable literature on individual behavior and public health has developed in the second half of the twentieth century. The general failure of public health to pick up and nurture the more macro social science perspectives to the same degree has limited the full potential of the impact of the social and behavioral sciences on public health, particularly because the historical roots of public health in the latter half of the nineteenth century included a strong social structural viewpoint. Since that time, the theoretical development of economics, political science, sociology, and anthropology has accelerated, but it was often not brought to bear on contemporary public health issues because these issues were often defined in terms of the characteristics of individuals rather than as characteristics  of social structure. The argument is, then, that public health picked up the wrong end of the social science stick—the individual (micro) end rather than the sociocultural ( macro) end. This assertion is supported by any perusal of public health journals or literature on social and behavioral science in public health in the second half of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, as the end of the twentieth century in public health witnessed increasing concern with social concepts such as social inequity, inequality, and community interventions, the disciplines of sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science had a more important role in public health, for the determinants of health were being defined in terms of a social and behavioral perspective. For example, many individual behaviors were recognized as risk factors for poor health, but were also seen as embedded in a wider social context. In addition, a social science–informed healthful public policy was seen by many as a key to the development of public health strategies to improve health. Behavioral science research is a large, multifaceted field, encompassing a wide array of disciplines. The field employs a variety of methodological approaches including: surveys and questionnaires, interviews, randomized clinical trials, direct observation, physiological manipulations an d recording, descriptive methods, laboratory and field experiments, standardized tests, economic analyses, statistical modeling, ethnography, and evaluation. Yet, behavioral sciences research is not restricted to a set of disciplines or methodological approaches. Instead, the field is defined by substantive areas of research that transcend disciplinary and methodological boundaries. In addition, several key cross-cutting themes characterize social and behavioral sciences research. These include: an emphasis on theory-driven research; the search for general principles of behavioral and social functioning; the importance ascribed to a developmental, lifespan perspective; an emphasis on individual variation, and variation across sociodemographic categories such as gender, age, and sociocultural status; and a focus on both the social and biological contexts of behavior. The core areas of behavioral and social sciences research are divided into basic or fundamental research and applied research. The basic and applied research distinction serves more of an organizational function for purposes  of this definition, rather than representing firm boundaries within the field. Indeed, many studies have both basic and applied components. Moreover, basic and applied research is often complementary. Basic research frequently provides the foundation for subsequent applied research, and applied research often influences the direction of basic research. The social sciences are concerned with the study of human society and with the relationship of individuals in, and to, society. The chief academic disciplines of the social sciences are anthropology, economics, history, political science, and sociology. The behavioral sciences, particularly psychology, are concerned with the study of the actions of humans and animals. The key effort of the behavioral sciences is to understand, predict, and influence behavior. The chief academic disciplines of the behavioral sciences are anthropology, psychology, and sociology, with the distinction between social and behavioral science often blurred when these disciplines are applied in public health research and practice, particularly in schools of public health and governmental agencies. Many, if not most, public health approaches are problem focused and lead to a multidiscipline solution encompassing several social and behavioral science disciplines and combinations of them (such as social psychology), in addition to other public health disciplines such as epidemiology and biostatistics. Anthropology. Anthropology is a broad social science concerned with the study of humans from a social, biological and cultural perspective. Historically it is a Western-based social science with roots in Europe and North America. It includes two broad areas of physical and sociocultural anthropology; both are relevant to public health. Physical anthropology divides into two areas, one related to tracing human evolution and the study of primates, and the other concerned with contemporary human characteristics stemming from the mixture of genetic adaptations and culture. Medical anthropologists with this perspective are often concerned with the relationships between culture, illness, health, and nutrition. Sociocultural anthropology is concerned with broad aspects of the adaptation of humans to their cultures— with social organization, language, ethnographic details, and, in general, the understanding of culturally mitigated patterns of behavior. In recent decades this perspective has taken a more ecologically focused view of the human species. From a public health perspective, this  approach to anthropology is probably most salient in terms of the methodological approaches used by anthropologists. They have a critical concern with understanding communities through participant observation. Indeed, participat ion is probably the key concept linking modern-day anthropological approaches to twentieth-century concepts of public health community interventions. Although the methodology of rapport-based structured interviews and observation is a highly developed methodology among anthropologists, it has had limited application in public health. More recent efforts in public health to address issues of inequity at the community level have created more attention to anthropological approaches. Economics. Economics is perhaps the oldest of the social sciences, with its concern with wealth and poverty, trade and industry. However, current economic thinking generally dates from the last three centuries and is associated with the great names in economic thinking, such as Adam Smith, Robert Malthus, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx. Present-day economics is an advanced study of production, employment, exchange, and consumption driven by sophisticated mathematical models. Basically, the field breaks into two distinctive areas: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is largely concerned with issues such as competitive markets, wage rates, and profit margins. Macroeconomics deals with broader issues, such as national income, employment, and economic systems. The relationship between economics and health is obv ious because in developed countries the percentage of gross national product consumed by the health care industry is significant, generally ranging from 5 to 15 percent of the gross national product. In the poorer countries, the cost of disease to the overall economy can prohibit the sound economic development of the country. In recent years there has been a concern with both the global economic burden of disease as well as with investment in health. That poverty is highly related to poor public health is a widely accepted tenet of modernday thinking in public health. However, economic systems ranging from free enterprise through liberal socialism and communism offer quite differing alternatives to the reduction of poverty and the distribution of economic resources. Psychology. Psychology is probably the most common disciplinary background found in the application of the social and behavioral sciences to public health. Modern psychology is a large field that encompasses physiological psychology,  concerned with the nervous and circulatory systems, as well as social psychology, and concerned with the behavior of individuals as influenced by social stimuli. In general, psychology is concerned with the relationship of living organisms to their environment. In addition to studies focused on physiological mechanisms, psychology is concerned with the broad area of human cognition, including learning, memory, and concept formation. The subfield of abnormal psychology is concerned with mental disorders, ranging from psychoses to neuroses. The subfield of clinical psychology offers direct patient-care mechanisms to treat mental problems in individuals. Thus the application of psychological approaches to health is quite apparent. However, the most salient branch of psychology for public health practice, and particularly for the task of understanding the determinants of health, is probably social psychology. A major focus of social psychology is on attitudes, opinions, and behaviors. Thus, there is an emphasis on understanding how groups and individuals interact with one another. The degree to which many interactions are easy or difficult can play a major role in determining the stability of groups and individuals. Therefore, broad concepts su ch as stress, social cohesion, peer influence, civic trust, and others derive strong theoretical and research support from social psychology. Sociology. Sociology is perhaps the broadest of the social science fields applied to public health. It is also characterized by being eclectic in its borrowing from the other social sciences. Thus, sociology is also concerned with organizations, economics, and political issues, as well as individual behaviors in relation to the broader social milieu. A key concept in sociology, however, is an emphasis on society rather than the individual. The individual is viewed as an actor within a larger social process. This distinguishes the field from psychology. Thus the emphasis is on units of analysis at the collective level such as the family, the group, the neighborhood, the city, the organization, the state, and the world. Sociology is concerned with how the social fabric or social structure is maintained, and how social processes, such as conflict and resolution, relate to the maintenance and change of social structures. A sociologist studies processes that create, maintain, and sustain a social system, such as a health care system in a country. The scientific component of this study w ould be the concern with the processes regulating and shaping the health  care system. Sociology assumes that social structure and social processes are very complex. Definition of organizational behaviour Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups and structures upon behavior within an organization. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management; and it complements the academic studies of organizational theory (which is focused on organizational and intra-organizational topics) and human resource studies (which is more applied and business-oriented). It may also be referred to as organizational science. The field has its roots in industrial and organizational psychology a Organizational studies encompass the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. For instance, one textbook divides these multiple viewpoints into three perspectives: modern, symbolic, and postmodern. Another traditional distinction, present especially in American academia, is between the study of â€Å"micro† organizational behaviour — which refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting — and â€Å"macro† strategic management and organizational theory which studies whole organizations and industries, how they adapt, and the strategies, structures and contingencies that guide them. To this distinction, some scholars have added an interest in â€Å"meso† scale structures – power, culture, and the networks of individuals and i.e. ronit units in organizations — and â€Å"field† level analysis which study how whole populations of organizations interact. Whenever people interact in organizations, many factors come into play. Modern organizational studies attempt to understand and model these factors. Like all modernist social sciences, organizational studies seek to control, predict, and explain. There is some controversy over the ethics of controlling workers’ behavior, as well as the manner in which workers are treated (see Taylor’s scientific management approach compared to the human relations movement of the 1940s). As such, organizational behaviour or OB (and its cousin, Industrial psychology) have at times been accused of being the scientific tool of the powerful.[citation needed] Those accusations notwithstanding, OB can play a major role in organizational development, enhancing organizational performance, as well as individual and group  performance/satisfaction/commitment. One of the main goals of organizational theorists is, according to Simms (1994) â€Å"to revitalize organizational theory and develop a better conceptualization of organizational life.†[2] An organizational theorist should carefully consider levels assumptions being made in theor y,[3] and is concerned to help managers and administrators Behavioral science and organizational behaviour both interrelate and interdepend on each other thou the mean total different things. Chapter3 Finding This study shows that behavioural science does affect organizational behaviour negatively and positively, it could affect one negatively if one had a rough upbringing such as the environment, genetic treats, the person interpersonal relations skill would be poor thus reducing the persons productivity, it can affect positively if one is a good person at heart and is always happy to do the job then the organization may blossom. Recommendation It is highly recommended that managers observe and practice behavioral science amongst his employs so as to balance the organizational behaviour. Chief Executives should encourage behavioral consciousness in their organizations from the top down showing the support and care about ethical behaviour. There is the need for organizations to help their employees in dealings with ethical challenged by adhering to the following steps. [a] Recognize and Clarify the Dilemma. [b] Get all the possible facts [c] List your options, all of them. [d] Test each option by asking: †Is it legal? Is it right? Is it beneficial?† [e] Make your decision. [f] Double check your decision by asking: ‘how would I feel if my family found out about this? How would I feel if my decision was printed in a local newspaper? [g] Implement your action. [h] Make a research and collect feedback on your implementation. [I] Evaluation and control of the whole steps Conclusion It must be emphasized that the challenge of behavioural science must be met by organizations if they are truly concerned about survival uprightness, integrity, and competitiveness. What is needed in today’s complicated times is for more organization to step forward and operate with strong, positive and good organizational behaviours. Organizations must ensure that their employees know how to deal with behavioural issues in their everyday work lives. As a result, when the behavioural climate is clear and positive, everyone will know what is expected of him or her when the inevitable behavioural dilemmas occur. This will definitely give employees the confidence to be on the lookout for unwanted behaviours and act with the understanding that what they are doing is correct and will be supported by top management of the organization REFERENCE ageeg, e. j. (2004). behavioural science. spain: Rmb. B, m. J. (1980). THEORIES OF ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR. HINSDALE: dryden press. brum, h. (1978). how behaviourial science affects our day to day life. ney york: luft press. burry, c. (2006). behavioural sience. a journal of sciences , 64: 93-98. collins, m. (2009). behavioural science and social science. journal of sciences , 4. h, m. (1985). the organisation as political arena. journal of management studies , 12. Inyang, p. B. (2008). oganizational behaviour. calabar: merb publishers,calabar, nigeria. leez, J. (2009). organizational behaviour. japan: CABS. luthans, F. (1989). Organizational bahaviour. newyork: mc-graw hill. research, o. o. (2013). behavioural science. oaklahoma: marutime. S, t. (2005). finding form looking at the feild of the organization. joournal of management , 42(6):1211-1231. S.P, r. (2009). Organizational beviour:global and southern africa. capetown: prentice-hall. stanford, c. a. (2013). Retrieved february 20, 2014, from casb: www.casb.org W, d. d. (2006). Whento little or too much hurt; evidence for a curvilineaer relationship between fast conflict and innovation in team. journal of management , 34. wikipedia. (2014, febraury 20). the free encyclopedia. Retrieved feb 20, 2014, from www.en.wikipedia.org

History Of Organization Alcoholics Anonymous ( A.a )

History of Organization Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio, and is a spiritual based organization with the sole purpose â€Å"to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety† threw fellowship. Alcoholic Anonymous (A.A.) foundation is built on a 12 step program that involves taking 12 step that will guarantee your sobriety (according to A.A.) because you start the 12 steps but you never end, it is designed for you to consistently work the 12 steps for the rest of your life to remain sober. There are 12 traditions with the 12 steps and this is what A.A. has taught them as they go through the program. When attending an A.A. meeting there are no membership fees or dues to pay and†¦show more content†¦3. You must make a decision to turn your life over to God. 4. Make a moral and fearless inventory of oneself. 5. Admit exactly what you have done is wrong, to God, yourself and another human being. 6. Must be ready for God to remove all the defects of character from you life 7. Humble yourself and ask him to remove your shortcomings. 8. Write a list of individual you have harmed, and be willing to make amends to all of them for frogiveness. 9. Make direct amends to people, whenever possible, but not if it will injure them. 10. You must take personal inventory when we are wrong and admitted it. 11. Seek prayer and meditation in order to improve conscious, connecting with God and praying for knowledge and understanding of his will and for the power to carry it out. 12. Having a spiritual awakenings from the result of the steps, will carry the message to alcoholics as they practice these principles in all of their affairs. (A brief Guide to Alcoholics Anonymous, P-42, copyright 1972, Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. with permission of A.A. World Services, Inc.) The format for the 12 step meeting can be structured a little different to fit your needs but all must still adhere to the foundations of the 12 step program format for. 1. The meeting needs to be held in a quiet and uninterrupted place and fixed times to ensure consistency. 2. The person that is

Arrow Of God And Smoke Signals - 1042 Words

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The Philosophical Underpinnings Of Trauma Informed Care

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Accounting Software Package of Community Chef-Samples for Students

Question: Write a literature review on the usage of Accounting Software Package for an Organization in Australia. Answer: Introduction The objective of this paper is to conduct a literature review on the usage of accounting software package for an organization in Australia. This literature review is done for Community Chef. The organization, Community Chef is a small business player in Australia. The organization has created a niche in itself as it provides packed meals to people for healthy living. The organization has a motto to provide healthy meal to people to match their active lifestyle. It is a social enterprise and result of vision of 20 Victorian councils who wanted to provide food security to older and people with disability. In terms of product, the USP (Unique Selling Proposition) of Community Chef is its healthy meals. The one thing that the organization lags is the very limited use of Information Technology and it has been a limitation point for Community Chef to scale its business. This paper would discuss the way accounting packages can be used by Community Chef to bring efficiency and effectiveness in its business. Analysis Current organizational structure of Community Chef The organization is a small business organization in the country with close to 100 employees. Joe Ciccaraone is the CEO of the company and the company has very flexible organizational structure. Joe Ciccaraone is the head of three key departments of the company. These are operations, maintenance, and human resources. In addition to above three functions, Community Chef also has a finance function. The current organizational structure of Community Chef ca be demonstrated as: Figure 1: Organization Structure (Source: https://www.communitychef.com.au/who-we-are/community-chef-organisation-chart/ ) Operational problems that can exist because of this structure The organization has a very flexible organizational structure. However, there are departments or functions that work in silos. The lack of real time synchronization among these departments could result in wastage of raw materials and the issues of mismatch between the demand and supply. The good thing for Community Chef is the predictability in demand as it caters to five hospitals and three old age care facilities. The organization deliver close to 2000 means per day. The challenge with current organizational structure is to manage the type of meals in an effective manner. For example, the company has mora than 50 type of soups and close to 250 main course dishes. It can be said that the problem is to manage the highly customizable menu with this organization structure. Some of the other operational problems or issues that could occur due to the current organizational structure can be discussed as: Issue of double entry data: It is possible that Operations Finance team are putting the same data and this can be an issue while doing data reconciliation (Dumas, ROsa, Mendling, Reijers, 2013). The organization does not have any automated inventory management system in place. The current organizational structure does not support the concept of automated reorder point (Kisakye, 2013) Most likely system acquisition method? The organization, Community Chef, can either get the customized system developed or it can use a commercial software or an ERP system to manage its business needs. The organization is a small business and based on its size it is suggested that it should not use the full-scale ERP systems like SAP. The licenses of full-fledge ERP systems are very high and Community Chef would not be able to get the desired ROI from this investment. At the same time the custom software may not be a good idea as it would demand a lot of effort. Moreover, the Community Chef may not have desired skills and resources who can manage the development of custom software package. The recommended solution for Community Chef is to go for commercial software. There are various small organizations in Australia that provides the commercial software for accounting packages. One such company is SYSPRO. The organization is a preferred choice for small and medium enterprises in Australia (Johansson, Carsson, 2013). The option of commercial software is also recommended as it would help Community Chef to save team and reduce overhead and dependency. System flowchart of the sales procedures The sales procedure starts with the simple food order sheet. External stakeholders can fill this sheet or the internal stakeholders and executives could also fill this sheet (Lim, Perrin, 2014). The detailed flowchart of the sales procedures for Community Chef can be shown as: Control problems in the system and possibility of frauds The existing control system is not adequate to handle the operations at a large scale. Therefore, it is important that the steps should be taken to improve the control system. For example, there has to be a more standard and systematic manner to manage the raw materials and the purchase of raw materials. Likewise, the control system should also focus on inventory management (Stewart Kent, 2015). Some of the possibilities of frauds in the existing control system can be highlighted as There are chances to prepare the food orders in excess or in shortage as the inventory management is not linked with the operations of food preparation. It is expected that a IT package would help community Chef to overcome this issue. There is a possibility to inefficiency due to unavailability of raw material. There are chances that some of the raw materials for few items are not available. Also, since revenue recognition and conciliation all happens manually, there may be chances of human errors. There could be chances of frauds or errors in reporting also as in the current form, all the reporting happens manually. This part is focuses more on the analysis of existing accounting packages in the industry, current Australian accounting software market and the existing gaps that should be fulfilled. The specific sections in this part can be discussed as below: Development and adoption of the accounting software packages The accounting software industry is a matured industry in Australia. There are a number of large and small players that manages the development of accounting software packages in the country. The history of progress of accounting software packages dated back to 1980s when Teleware has developed one such software. After a decade, in 1999, MYOB become the market leader in Australian accounting software package industry. That was the time when the offerings from JD Edwards, SAP, Oracle was very expensive and most of the organizations find it difficult to develop a business case for the use of expensive accounting package or ERP system (Scholtz, calitz, Cilliers, 2013). With time, number of new players entered the market. These are the players like SYSPRO, Saasu, Xero, Quick Books, etc. It is expected that the existing rivalry in the industry would further increase. It is expected that there would be more players entering the market to cater the need of small and med size business organ izations in Australia (Hossack, 2015). Current market size in Australia The accounting software industry is a million-dollar industry in Australia. The accounting software package industry has seen an exponential growth rate due to advancements in technology and Internet. The expansion in Information Technology has been good for accounting software industry. Today, the focus of organizations is to have an integrated ERP in place that can have a string module for accounting and finance (Woodward, Tan, 2015). The market size is expected to increase with the focus in cloud computing and cloud based accounting software packages. It is expected that cloud based accounting software would be a key for organizations to manage their accounting needs. Leaders in the market and the reasons for their competitive edge The accounting industry is Australia has evolved a lot. At one side, there are large players like SAP, Oracle, Microsoft, etc. and on another side, there are small but highly effective players like Xero, SYSPRO, Intuit, etc. For large business, it can be said that SAP and Microsoft are market leaders. However, for small and medium size enterprises, the market is highly fragmented (Zhang, Nan, Tan, 2016). There was a time when Xero was a market leader for small and med size enterprises. However, in last few years, Xero has faced a serious threat from companies like SYSPRO and Intuit. Xero has been a leader in the accounting software packages for small and mid-size industries because of its unique reporting capabilities and good customer support. It can be said that after sales service of XERO is very good and this is a main factor for small and medium size organizations to use XERO. Another leader for small and mid-size industry segment is MYOB. The biggest advantage of MYOB is first mover advantage and established credibility, good network and popularity in Australian market. It is a leader in providing accounting functionalities like taxation. In terms of innovation it can be said that all the players like MYOB, XERO, SYSPRO has unique and innovative solutions to offer. However, one of the challenge for them is to manage the increase scale of business in the Australian market. Current gaps encountered by users/ customers of accounting packages In terms of accounting software packages, it can be said that there is no single solution that fits all. The choice of accounting software package must be based on the internal needs of organizations. Therefore, it can be said that the accounting software that suits the need of Community Chef may not suffice the need of other organizations in the similar market sector. Some organizations can have a good experience with XERO and there can be some which do not like XERO at all. One of the gaps in the existing accounting software packages is the absence of single view of organization (Linnenluecke Birt, 2017). The accounting software of current day does offer various views and dashboards. However, a single view or a 360-degree view is missing. Another gap that is observed in the current accounting packages is the lack of support or limited support for third party integrations. There are cases when the organizations may not want to use the accounting packages as a stand-alone software b ut they would want to integrate the accounting software as a part of their complete IT infrastructure. It can be said that this support is something that different accounting software providers must work on. Conclusion The above paper discusses the need of accounting software package for Community Chef. The organization, Community Chef is a small business player in Australia. The organization has created a niche in itself as it provides packed meals to people for healthy living. The paper highlighted that commercial accounting software would be a good choice for the company. It is suggested that the organization should use the services of SYSPRO. The paper also discusses the accounting software industry in Australia and discusses the need of integrated accounting package. Based on above discussion, it can be said that in long term, Community Chief should look for the accounting software that could easily be linked with the IT infrastructure of the company. References Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J., Reijers, H. A. (2013).Fundamentals of business process management(Vol. 1, p. 2). Heidelberg: Springer. Hossack, S. (2015). Cloud-based accounting and productivity tools for practitioners and taxpayers. Taxation in Australia, 50(5), 265. Johansson, B., Carlsson, S. A. (2013). An Approach for Identifying Business Requirements for Development of Prospective ERP Systems. InBuilding Sustainable Information Systems(pp. 247-257). Springer US. Kisakye, A. R. (2013). Computerised Accounting And Processing Of Financial Statements In Manufacturing Firms. Lim, N., Perrin, B. (2014). Standard Business Reporting in Australia: Past, Present, and Future. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 18(3). Linnenluecke, M.K., Birt, J., Chen, X., Ling, X. and Smith, T., 2017. Accounting Research in Abacus, AF, AAR, and AJM from 20082015: A Review and Research Agenda.Abacus,53(2), pp.159-179. Scholtz, B., Calitz, A., Cilliers, C. (2013). Usability evaluation of a medium-sized ERP system in higher education.Electronic Journal of Information Systems Evaluation,16(2), 148-161. Stewart, J., Kent, P. and Routledge, J., 2015. The association between audit partner rotation and audit fees: Empirical evidence from the Australian market.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,35(1), pp.181-197. Woodward, L., Tan, L. M. (2015). Small Business Owners' Attitudes Toward GST Compliance: A Preliminary Study. Zhang, Z., Nan, G., Li, M., Tan, Y. (2016). To Lead or to Follow? Market Entry and Pricing Strategies for Saas Provider.Market Entry and Pricing Strategies for Saas Provider (June 7, 2016).

The Impact of Macroeconomic Variables

Table of Contents Introduction Consumer price index (CPI) Interest rate Money supply Unemployment Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that looks at how the economy of a country performs (Gwartney 3). According to McEachern (187), it considers factors such as inflations, unemployment and employment issues, a country’s trade with others and to a further extend the success and failures of a government’s economic policies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of Macroeconomic Variables specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All these and other more unmentioned variables always have an impact on a county’s economic performances. A case study of the UK and US will be used to illustrate how these variables have an impact on the real exchange markets Consumer price index (CPI) According to Consumer Price Index (CPA) can be used as a direct measure of people’s living standards which is based on the total cost of goods and services relative to the same amount of goods and services in a base year. It is always the percentage change from the base year. By considering a large pool of goods and services, CPI can obtain a relative measure of the standards of living in the country (Turvey 33). Prior to financial crisis, most of the residential and commercial premises in UK and US were run by local investors for a long period of years (Dijkman 23). The impact of CPI is hypothesized to be negative because, in the years 2000, 2001 due to need for money, these premises were sold to foreigners at a higher price (Frumkin 315). This led the market into a standstill position due to the fact that the potential sellers were not ready to trade with the local investors. Consequently, the locals did not involve in any investment as they waited for the prices to lower. Due to the inflations experienced in the markets over the last recent ye ars, especially with the basic commodities such as food crops and cash crops, oil and others, real market exchange has been affected leading to a very unbalanced living condition more so with the countries previously known to be the supper powers such as the US and UK (Free 354). Deflation rates has continued to be experienced in UK discouraging consumer spending and investments.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interest rate Gottfried (196) defines interest rate as the fraction of the total amount of money charged for its use. It can either be fixed or flexible depending on the amount. Banks are highly known for offering loans which are expected back after a given grace period. Usually the borrower doesn’t return the same amount as borrowed; he returns it with a profit that is cumulatively relative to the grace period e.g. a month or a year. Before the financ ial crisis, the two countries invested heavily on such kind of business which bore many profits. Compared to pre-crisis era, credit conditions have continuously tightened, world economy has experienced a downturn much more with the inflation rates, and this has led to inventions of policies that allow the reduction of interest rates so as to continue in the market place (Kolb 25). The impact of interest rate is hypothesized to be negative because there has been fear of engaging in such investments that involve lots of cash.After recesion, interest’s rates in the US and UK was quickly and sharply cut down leading to a reduction in the made by banks. Money supply According to Owen and Clark (185), money supply is the total amount of money both coins and banknotes that is available at a particular time that is used in buying goods and services. It is the money in circulation. Two supply measures are use by the federal the Federal Reserve; M1 and M2.Money supply is usually invers ely proportional to interest rate where by the interest rate increases with decrease in money supply and vice versa. When there is a lot of money or very little in supply, a country’s economy is negatively affected (Owen Clark 185). Therefore, a balance in the market is achieved when a balanced is reached between the money in demand, money in supply and the rate of interest. Before the crisis, business were carried on well and there were no pronounced inflation levels, more banking business were transacted and this meant that there was enough money in supply to meet the demand. With the experience of the crisis, less banking was done leading to less money to lend the real sector. There was a lot of borrowed money in terms of assets in the US before the crisis. For a government to offset such deficits, it prints a lot of money which eventually becomes valueless leading to the collapse of fixed rate of exchange in the regime. The impact is hypothesized to be negative in that i n both UK and US,money supply has increased, a state that can be balanced by increased inflation.This balance is so far not reached.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of Macroeconomic Variables specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unemployment Rate of unemployment; currently, the number of unemployed is alarming and it continues to be on the rise. According to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [hereafter referred to as OECD], this is due to money factors such as population growth and world’s economy downturn (OECD 274). Before the crisis, many people had well paying jobs because the economy was stable and this meant that a lot of money was collected in terms of taxes. With the salaries there was enough to venture into the business thus positively contributing to the country’s economy. After the financial crisis, many people were retrenched and those who were jobles s didn’t have a chance because the governments did not have enough money to pay its employees. OECD is of the opinion that, if many people are not employed then it means that the amount of money that should be given to the government in form of revenue, for its smooth running will not be available; this strains a county’s economy greatly (OECD 274). This has been experienced in the two countries after the economic turmoil.In UK, impacts of unemployment is hypothesized to be negative because of the following reasons; lack of money to pay government taxes leading to rise in much borrowing by the goverment, older employees disguising unemplyoyment by opting for other benefits e.g sickness, less consumer consumption leading to lower economic growth, decline in house price and losses in banks making lending hard. Conclusion The amount of money available to the consumers to buy goods and services at a given time should be enough to avoid strain by either the government or an individual. For one reason or the other, it is usually unavailable or sometimes not enough due to various factors such as unemployment, CPI, money in supply and interest rates. Works Cited Dijkman, Jeannette. Germany real estate yearbook. London: Real Estate Publishers, 2009.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Free, Rhona. 21st century economics: a reference handbook. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 2010. Print. Frumkin, Norman. Recession prevention handbook: eleven case studies. New York: ME Sharpe, 2010. Print. Gottfried, Byron. Schaum’s outline of theory and problems of programming with Pascal. New York: McGraw-Hill. Print. Gwartney, James. Macroeconomics: private and public choice. Mason, OH: South- Western Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Kolb, Robert. Lessons from the financial crisis: causes, consequences and our  Economic future. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley and Son, 2010. Print. McEachern, William. Macroeconomics: a contemporary introduction. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. OECD economic outlook  July 2010. New York: Organization for Economic, 2010. Print. Owen, John and Clark, Edward. Dictionary of international economics terms. London: Less50ns Professional Publishers, 2006. Print. Turvey, Ralp h. Consumer price index manual: theory and practice. Geneva: International Labor Office, 2004. Print. This research paper on The Impact of Macroeconomic Variables was written and submitted by user Alexia Harrell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Substance Abuse in Modern Times Professor Ramos Blog

Substance Abuse in Modern Times Substance abuse is a huge problem today, yet, many people don’t know how big of a problem it is in the States. According to a study conducted in 2005, â€Å"22 million Americans had a problem or struggled with drugs and alcohol. 95 percent of these people were unaware they had a legitimate problem, and many were unsuccessful in finding help or assistance with this problem† (HealthyPeople.gov, 2020 Topics and Adjectives, par.1). Also as Psychology Today states, â€Å"Both substance use disorders and gambling behaviors have an increased likelihood of being accompanied by mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety or other pre-existing problems. Substance use and gambling disorders not only engage the same brain mechanisms of compulsivity, they respond to many of the same approaches to treatment† (Psychology Today, What is Addiction?). This is particularly true today where there are many cases of mental health being tied to substance abuse. Now, imagine a world where this problem was eliminated. Many families would be saved, lives wouldnt be in jeopardy, and there would be a new sense of cleanliness. Most of the human race obtain alcohol or drugs by purchasing these things at the local supermarket, pharmacy, or even the nearby corner store. However, since these two things are so readily available, it can be easy to get carried away with purchasing such goods. There’s really no way of tracking how much one has bought and consumed except at public bars. If a record system was implemented, there would be better control over these substances. A record system would be relatively easy to maintain and control. Once an American Citizen turns 21, he/she would automatically be enrolled into a system that tracks the amount of drugs or alcohol purchased by the individual. There would be different algorithms for each person, based on their background, in-house family members over 21, and financial stability. In simpler terms, if one was to purchase absurd amounts of alcohol in a short amount of time, a red flag would pop up on the persons record. This would cause a caretaker or someone of the sort to go check up on that individual. They would make sure they are okay and doing well. There would also be some slack for those who are medically prescribed a medication and need to order or purchase it consistently. This would prove beneficial because as time goes on, â€Å"eventually drug abuse can consume your life, stopping social and intellectual development. This only reinforces feelings of isolation† (Laurence Robinson, Melinda Smith and Jeanne Segal. Drug Abuse and Addiction. Par. 9). So basically when a person is going through any type of substance abuse, whether it be drugs or alcohol, or both, the desires and feelings of isolation can start to cultivate. This would cause people to start resisting help a lot more than usual. Thus, making resources for help useless. This record system would also help people see an actual visual representation of how much they are consuming. When many today buy alcohol, they arent aware how much they are actually putting into their bodies. However, with this new record. It would show them face to face how much they are buying and consuming as well. The other nice thing about this system would be that everything on the persons record or account, would be private. Only the person whom the account is tied to would be able to access all the information on the record. They wouldn’t have to feel guilty or nervous that other people would be viewing their activity. The only people that would be able to see it would be authorized professionals that only seek out to help those that raise a couple red flags. So there would really be no shame factor in this system. As was mentioned earlier, substance abuse is a very real problem that needs to be known. There are families, mental health, physical health, communities, and lives at stake every day with this tragic problem. Many try to turn to rehab and last there for years. Yet, that is often after the fact, when it’s too late. When people already realize there is a problem within them. So why not stop it sooner? This record system would open the eyes of many before problems arise. It would encourage people to think twice before purchasing drugs or alcohol. Don’t we all want a world free of addiction?  Ã‚   Laurence Robinson, Melinda Smith, Jeanne Segal. Drug Abuse and Addiction, June 2019. Help Guide HealthyPeople.org. 2020 Topics and Objectives, Substance abuse, 2014. Psychology Today, What is addiction?, 2019.