Ancient Greece Essay -- Ancient Greece Essays

Old Greece Geological LOCATION The Ancient Greek human progress was situated on today’s Greek land, Ionian Islands, Asia Minor, South Italy, and Sicily. It is encircled by mountains and in the north by water. The Ionian and the Aegean oceans, along with common islands and straights, gave the Greeks the opportunety to build up their sea trade and their rich culture. The mountains, which encompassed Greece, gave us the image of its political character. From early occasions, the Greeks lived in independet settlements, and they were confined from each other. Afterward, this settelments grew up into â€Å"poles† or city-states. The Mediteranien Sea moderates Greeks atmosphere  ­ cooling air in summer and warmth in winter period. Summers are generaly blistering and dry, and winters are mellow and blustery in costal districts. In mountain district winters are more grounded. GREEK’S HISTORY The Greek development has made incredible commitments in numerous zones to western culture. Greeks researchers made progressive revelations in medication, science, material science and stargazing. They additionally built up the statement of uniqueness. Those are just a few reasons why the Greek progress was and still is one of the most significant human advancements on the planet. Timespans 1. PROTOGEOMETRIC STYLE (1100-900 BC) The protogeometric period is season of financial and social wretchedness. The profundities of this downturn happened from around 1100 to 1050 BC. This period is otherwise called the Sub  ­ Mycenean period on the Greek territory, and Minoan period on the island of Crete. Commitment made by the Minoan and Mycenean Empire to the making of the Greek progress, helped them to build up their own Empire. The utilization of iron and the incineration of the dead turned into the best advancement in Greek human progress. The urns for the remains are among the most trademark vessels of that period. 2. THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD (900-700 BC) This period, the Geometric time frame, is notable by numerous changes and alarming development in Greek engineering and figure. The populace has expanded, and individuals have moved from the confined settlements to the city  ­ states. The Greeks additionally moved to the new teritories toward the east, and toward the west. In that, new-concured teritories, the Greeks established business exchanging posts and states. Additionally in this period, new content was embraced  ­ the Semtic alpha... ... of laborers, normally slaves or free individuals who were exceptionally poor. Those exercises required an expansive scope of aptitudes - the stone, dirt and metal exchanges, models, potters, painters; the apparel business; the calfskin exchange, leather experts and shoemakers; development, stone cutters, craftsmen; sea transport, transport building, food creation and numerous others. RELIGION The old Greeks were strict individuals. They were poligamics, and they accepted that a specific god appears in a human structure. In the Greek craftsmanship, particularly on the jars, numerous scenes with divine beings were represented. For individuals of the old Grrek, numerous divine beings normally had the illicit relationship with the typical man. This is even written in certain legends, and the aftereffect of that occasion was that numerous demi-divine beings showed up. Sarcifices were the presents for their divine beings. There were two sorts of sarcifices  ­ the bloodless (roots, oat grains, natural products, cheddar), and blood-contributions (creatures, feathered creatures and fish). The Greeks housed their divine beings in sanctuaries, which were frequently encased by the dividers. In within the sanctuaries, enormous sculptures of their divine beings were uncovered. At the point when the service occurred, those sculptures were even washed, dressed and symbolicayy took care of. Old Greece Essay - Ancient Greece Essays Old Greece Geological LOCATION The Ancient Greek human progress was situated on today’s Greek land, Ionian Islands, Asia Minor, South Italy, and Sicily. It is encircled by mountains and in the north by water. The Ionian and the Aegean oceans, along with common islands and narrows, gave the Greeks the opportunety to build up their sea trade and their rich culture. The mountains, which encompassed Greece, gave us the image of its political character. From early occasions, the Greeks lived in independet settlements, and they were disengaged from each other. Afterward, this settelments grew up into â€Å"poles† or city-states. The Mediteranien Sea moderates Greeks atmosphere  ­ cooling air in summer and warmth in winter period. Summers are generaly sweltering and dry, and winters are mellow and stormy in costal areas. In mountain area winters are more grounded. GREEK’S HISTORY The Greek progress has made extraordinary commitments in numerous zones to western culture. Greeks researchers made progressive revelations in medication, arithmetic, material science and cosmology. They likewise built up the declaration of distinction. Those are just a few reasons why the Greek human advancement was and still is one of the most significant civic establishments on the planet. Timespans 1. PROTOGEOMETRIC STYLE (1100-900 BC) The protogeometric period is season of monetary and social despondency. The profundities of this downturn happened from around 1100 to 1050 BC. This period is otherwise called the Sub  ­ Mycenean period on the Greek territory, and Minoan period on the island of Crete. Commitment made by the Minoan and Mycenean Empire to the production of the Greek human progress, helped them to build up their own Empire. The utilization of iron and the incineration of the dead turned into the best advancement in Greek human progress. The urns for the remains are among the most trademark vessels of that period. 2. THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD (900-700 BC) This period, the Geometric time frame, is notable by numerous changes and surprising advancement in Greek engineering and model. The populace has expanded, and individuals have moved from the segregated settlements to the city  ­ states. The Greeks additionally moved to the new teritories toward the east, and toward the west. In that, new-concured teritories, the Greeks established business exchanging posts and provinces. Additionally in this period, new content was embraced  ­ the Semtic alpha... ... of laborers, generally slaves or free individuals who were poor. Those exercises required an expansive scope of aptitudes - the stone, mud and metal exchanges, figures, potters, painters; the attire business; the cowhide exchange, leather experts and shoemakers; development, stone cutters, craftsmen; sea transport, transport building, food creation and numerous others. RELIGION The antiquated Greeks were exceptionally strict individuals. They were poligamics, and they accepted that a specific god appears in a human structure. In the Greek workmanship, particularly on the jars, numerous scenes with divine beings were outlined. For individuals of the old Grrek, numerous divine beings for the most part had the illicit relationship with the standard man. This is even written in certain legends, and the consequence of that occasion was that numerous demi-divine beings showed up. Sarcifices were the presents for their divine beings. There were two kinds of sarcifices  ­ the bloodless (roots, oat grains, natural products, cheddar), and blood-contributions (creatures, winged animals and fish). The Greeks housed their divine beings in sanctuaries, which were regularly encased by the dividers. In within the sanctuaries, large sculptures of their divine beings were uncovered. At the point when the service occurred, those sculptures were even washed, dressed and symbolicayy took care of.

buy custom George Eliot essay

purchase custom George Eliot paper The word senseless in George Eliots paper Silly Novels by Lady Novelists is, as she herself puts it, rude in the entirety of its variations: provocative, expecting, nosy, and so on. On the off chance that there is any-very likely-starting irate reaction to it, at that point almost certainly, such a reaction will go to a sort of thoughtful consent once the genuine personality of George Eliot is uncovered. However, when one peruses her logical meaning of this term, at that point one will undoubtedly focus, on dispose of any such outrage or compassion, and think about the likeliness of senseless woman authors. Eliot utilizes senseless to allude to the unremarkable edification of specific ladies authors as reflected in their compositions. It is an average illumination as in while the essayists are taught, or undereducated, and they try to demonstrate this adroitness, their scholarly introduction, as images for their stomping on of the generalizations against them, where it counts they appear to be stuck in those age-old thoughts of themselves and their compositions uncover and affirm them. The female nonsensicalness of certain womens scholarly structures is the way that they affirm the basic bias and generalizations against their [the womens] strong training. The champions of such Silly Novels mirror the sex generalizations against ladies in the Victorian culture. The courageous woman is generally devout and wonderful, affluent and in vogue, and on the off chance that she begins from a modest start, which means poor foundation, she will get wealthy at long last by making sure about herself a rich spouse (Shelton). The female characters stress themselves over ball dresses and caps, laughing over sweet love-confidences bitter tattle (Eliot). For example, the courageous woman in Compensation is for the most part portrayed as having a momentous unique brain, and can understand Hebrew, Sanskrit and Greek, while additionally figuring out how to keep up her wonderful little head (Shelton). At long last, while these accounts are intended to parade how clever these authors are, they rather sell out their numbness. They infer that information is out of reach to ladies. Rather they romanticize it as a people who are denied of it. These ladies are supposed to be instructed to the degree of foolishness (Shelton). That is, their achievement of information has just been shallow, maybe just for hotshot, however it does little to change their view of themselves: the obtaining doesn't go into culture (Eliot). In this paper I will endeavor to follow Eliots hypothesis as reflected in Joyce Carol Oates Black Water, with the point of affirming her [Eliots] contentions. Conversation Oates Black Water, accepted to have been roused by the Chappaquiddick episode, recounts Kellys reflection on her life in the most recent minutes before she bites the dust. Kelly and her darling, a congressperson, are in a vehicle when the representative, who is driving, loses control and the vehicle is constrained into a waterway. The congressperson, dreading for his political profession, leaves Kelly in the vehicle suffocating. Furthermore, as Kelly faces up and coming demise, she glances back at her life, at her existence with her darling, the representative (Seal). Oates doesn't want to be viewed as misogynist. Her part in investigating women's activist talk is for the most part to endeavor to evaluate how male meanings of ladies make and unmake them. Her female characters are typically undermined from all headings of the universes wherein they live, encompassed by brutality unequivocally connected to settings socially practical and established in the disorder in which they wind up growing up (Kirubahar 110). As in a considerable lot of hr works, in Black Water, Oates investigates the lady and how the world perspectives her, and how because of that see, she turns into a casualty to it. Kelly turns into a survivor of a keeps an eye on desire. Oates doesn't go into potential outcomes; that maybe in the event that the representative had just attempted to spare Kelly, at that point maybe she would have endure. Yet, at that point the peruser thinks about whether maybe Kelly would have endure had the congressperson made the transition to spare her. Be that as it may, this venturing out in front of ourselves. It is critical to evaluate how Oates investigates both sexual orientation lastly, to what degree her methodology falls inside Eliots Silly Novel. In this story we come into contact with two methods of attack: the manly and the ladylike. The manly attack is roughly decisive (Seal). It is gruff, open and proud. Kelly reviews commonly how the representative, for example, powers his tongue into her mouth. Truth be told, it is the legislators driving, his unrefined turns and unchecked increasing speeds that at last power the vehicle off the street and into the water. The female intrusion, then again, is spoken to by the analogy of the water. Kellys intrusion is officially associated by the way that her portrayal of her remembered life lap at lastly drench her entire awareness, just as the way that water laps at her body lastly submerges it (Seal). Oates decision of making the male character a lawmaker is purposeful. Legislative issues is the cliché image for a keeps an eye on self-assuredness: a legislator ever makes himself a piece of ones life, pushes himself into different people groups presence in order to guarantee their consideration and backing (Seal). We experience Kellys self-assuredness in the trade that she and the representative have when he alludes to a man as the political creature. She observes the word man and asks him for what reason ladies cannot be alluded to as political creatures. At this, the representative endeavors to mollify her decisive strength in this discussion by conceding, rather thoughtfully, that a few ladies could, with the exception of they [women] discover governmental issues exhausting. At the point when Kelly gives no indications of yielding the representative kisses her strongly trying to finish up the discussion. She kisses him back strikingly as though it is her due. There are two expressly striking examples of intensity with respect to Kelly here. Furthermore, in the two occasions, Oates remarks on its abnormality. In any case, these cases of strength on Kellys part are both flawed. The primary strength is equivocal; is Kelly strong in her way to deal with the contention or on her take that ladies ought to likewise be considered as political creatures? In any case, this intensity is kind of invalidated under the spell of the representatives kiss. To begin with, on the off chance that she is striking in the test that she presents the representative with, that is, contending for winning the contention, at that point she bombs in that offer when she succumbs to the congresspersons kiss. In any case, it is likewise prominent that on the off chance that she is contending for contentions purpose, at that point this is much the same as Eliots contention on ladies parading their knowledge; mental pocket reflect (Eliot) just so the individuals who witness it can adulate it and cause the ladies to feel pleased with themselves, instead of to impact a completion. Two, clearly her take doesn't change the congresspersons mind on what he has quite recently said. Obviously, it isn't normal that the congressperson will unexpectedly be changed by Kellys feeling. Yet, it ought not out of the ordinary that if Kelly accepts what she is stating as much as Oates might want us to accept, at that point she ought to have the option to stand firm immovably and make the congressperson and the perusers see that certainty and that she implies what she is stating. Innstead, everything disintegrates when she yields to the legislators kiss, which is a purposeful move by the congressperson to end the discussion. As such, Kellys intensity is eclipsed by the more grounded confidence of the representative. Kelly is being attacked by the representative and shes taking it all in like it simply the most common thing for her to do (Seal). Oates might want us to accept that Kellys preparation to take this kiss is something to be thankful for. In any case, it isn't. Or on the other hand atleast, the qualification between Kelly realizing what she needs and making it work, and basically being powerless against the legislators decisiveness isn't so clear. Besides, the little nobility that the peruser may cut out of this conduct on Kellys part is executed by Oates request to specify its unexpectedness and record for it. Oates willingly volunteers to advise us that Kelly isn't normally as striking. Whatever Oates wishes that this disclosure incites in the perusers not all that reasonable; would it be advisable for it to incite compassion or profound respect? Oates wishes that the peruser respect the strength of Kelly as that of an edified lady. However she demands underlining Kellys ladylike devotion that the general public expects of ladies. Be that as it may, this brings up a significant issue. On the off chance that this intensity is uncommon of Kelly, at that point what is common of her? Oates observes minute subtleties: fragmentary idea and miniaturized scale vibes that ought to be perused as notice of Kellys coming demise. Not exclusively is Kelly being attacked by the congressperson, yet in addition by Oates herself. Kelly is situated so that attacking her appears to be normal for any individual who is willing. Indeed, even Oates her concedes that this intrusiveness upon Kelly is there. By recognizing what a writer can reach in a characters mind and what he/she can't reach, Oates uncovered her purposeful, cognizant endeavor to attack Kellys mind. A definitive inquiry that this story appears to pose is which one between the legislators and Kellys intrusion is more terrible. Oates doesn't wish to take any reasonable sides here. Despite the fact that she unambigouosly reprimands the representative for the mishap, she appears to give the peruser the assignment of returning a tad and attempt to select how Kelly may likewise have chosen her wn destiny. Here are the senatorss flightiness as wel as Kellys naivete. Seal considers this to be accusing the person in question. Be that as it may, maybe the most proper contention would accuse the lady. I consider this to be Oates endeavor, similarly as the entire book appears, to take a gander at the lady as a free substance liable for herself, as opposed to as a limb or accomplice to the requirements of the men, so their incidents are accused on the men. However Kelly appears to do only that, reprimand the representative for her demise. End Through Kelly, Oates uncovers might be not for the most part, however in this particular work-her twofold standard comprehension of womens edification and how it tends to be given something to do. Kelly is sufficiently canny. In any case, that knowledge does little to adjust her female naïveté

Not Voiceless 6 Books by Gravely Disabled People

Not Voiceless 6 Books by Gravely Disabled People There is no shortage of books that feature disability; Wonder and Me Before You are just a couple of examples of the success an abled author can have when they decide to write about something they have no personal experience with and little knowledge about. Here’s a radical idea: instead of speculating about what the inner world of a person with a particular disability might be like, why don’t we listen to them instead in books by disabled people? Image of Helen Keller from the U.S. Library of Congress. Edits by Lisa Ruiz. There’s a popular idea among charity-minded people that they must be a “voice for the voiceless.” Are the people they’re talking about really voiceless, though? Not usually. Even in the gate-kept world of publishing, there is a multitude of writing by disabled people, even “gravely” disabled people. (Note on my use of the word “gravely”: this is a medicalized term that does not have a specific meaning and is not particularly useful. I use it here to indicate a person who might be erroneously called “voiceless.”) Even people who are literally voiceless are not actually voiceless. Not all disabled people can or want to communicate through words, though they communicate in myriad other ways. They, too, should be listened to; that is, the person with whom they are communicating should seek to understand what they are saying. Though there are not yet, to my knowledge, books cataloguing the communications of people with these types of disabilities, my hope is that that will change. If there are so many disabled people out there communicating, and some are writing for publication, why do abled people feel the need to speak for them? The problem is not that some people are voiceless; the problem is that many people are unwilling to listen. The good news is that, thanks to publishing, even people who have never met someone with a particular disability can seek to understand them through their writing. Here are six books by disabled people that represent a slender branch in the dense forest of disabled people’s writing. Too Late to Die Young: Nearly True Tales from a Life by Harriet McBryde Johnson Let’s start with one of my heroes! Harriet McBryde Johnson was an attorney, author, and activist who focused much of her work on disability advocacy. She had a progressive neuromuscular disease and made use of a motorized wheelchair, personal care assistant, feeding tube, and other adaptations that are often sensationalized by those not familiar with them. This hilarious and searingly insightful book is her memoir. It is a fabulous introduction to the tenets of disability rights for those who want something easily digestible (a spoonful of sarcasm makes the theory go down); it is also an essential read for people at any point on the disability wokeness spectrum. Fall Down 7 Times Get Up 8: A Young Man’s Voice From the Silence of Autism by Naoki Higashida, translated by K.A. Yoshida and David Mitchell Naoki Higashida is a Japanese writer who has achieved international fame at the age of 24. This is his second book. He is described as “nonverbal,” another word that gets thrown around in a similar way to “voiceless.” This book is formed around a compilation of his blog posts about his experience of life with autism, and follows that format. The Cancer Journals by Audre Lorde I don’t need to sell Audre Lorde’s writing to you, do I? She’s only one of the greatest writers and theorists ever. This book focuses on her experience with breast cancer and mastectomy. Like her other writing, it embraces the oneness of personal experience and political thought; like her other writing, it is excellent. The World I Live In by Helen Keller It might seem like Helen Keller needs no introduction, but she kinda does. Thanks to the cultural mythos that portrays her as the deaf blind success object of a brilliant teacher, her work is often undervalued or forgotten completely. Anne Sullivan, her teacher and friend, actually was brilliant (and blind!), but Keller was an incredible subject in herself. She was a remarkably insightful and effective activist, author, and speaker. Her work spanned movements, including socialism, labor, disability, women’s suffrage, and antimilitarism. This is a collection of her essays. The Pain Journal by Bob Flanagan Bob Flanagan was a performance artist and writer whose work interrogated issues of pain and pleasure. Much of his performance art centered around his own body, the locus of his pain and pleasure from both cystic fibrosis and sadomasochism. Reading and watching his work is a bodily experience in itself; sympathetic nerves fire off left and right as he describes a spectrum of bodily sensations never discussed in polite company. This is a chronicle of the last year of his life. The Center Cannot Hold by Elyn R. Saks Elyn R. Saks is a professor, lawyer, and psychiatrist working in mental health law. This is a memoir of her experience of life with schizophrenia, an illness which many media present as frightening, chaotic, and illogical. The truth of schizophrenia is much different, and she expresses it beautifully here through both her personal experience and her professional knowledge. This is not a complete reading list; no one person can speak for an entire community, even if they share the same disability. A majority of the authors listed above have achieved a level of intellectual and/or capital productivity that is not possible and/or desirable for many people with disabilities. Thankfully, there are many other ways to listen to disabled people: blogs, podcasts, videos…and, of course, conversations. Take this starter kit of books by disabled people and use it as the starting shot for a lifelong process. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Story Of Elie Wiesel s Night - 2058 Words

Many themes exist in Night, Elie Wiesel’s nightmarish story of his Holocaust experience. From normal life in a small town to physical abuse in concentration camps, Night chronicles the journey of Wiesel’s teenage years. Neither Wiesel nor any of the Jews in Sighet could have imagined the horrors that would befall them as their lived changed under the Nazi regime. The Jews all lived peaceful, civilized lives before German occupation. Eliezer Wiesel was concerned with mysticism and his father was â€Å"more involved with the welfare of others than with that of his own kin† (4). This would change in the coming weeks, as Jews are segregated, sent to camps, and both physically and emotionally abused. These changes and abuse would dehumanize men and cause them to revert to basic instincts. Wiesel and his peers devolve from civilized human beings to savage animals during the course of Night. Segregation from the rest of society begins the dehumanization of Sighet Jews. The first measure taken by the Hungarian Police against Jews is to label them with yellow stars. Early in Night, while life is still normal despite German occupation of their town, Wiesel explains: â€Å"Three days later, a new decree: every Jew had to wear the yellow star† (11). This decree is demoralizing to Jews because it labels them and sets them apart from the rest of Sighet’s population. Like trees marked for logging or dogs marked with owner tags, many people in Sighet are marked with yellow stars, to reveal theirShow MoreRelatedNight Trilogy By Elie Wiesel1075 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 2 Period 14 10 June 2015 Night Trilogy Criticism Elie Wiesel’s Night Trilogy is comprised of an autobiography about Wiesel’s experience during the Holocaust and the horrific struggle he faced while in concentration camps, and two other stories depicting the rise of Israel and an accident. The acclaimed Holocaust writer is most well-known for Night due to its effect across the globe. Dawn and Day are not autobiographies, yet they have lingering presences of Wiesel in the main characters and narratorsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Night By Elie Wiesel794 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Night In the book Night by Elie Wiesel there are many instances where his use of imagery helps establish tone and purpose. For example Elie Wiesel used fire (sight) to represent just that. The fire helps prove that the tone is serious and mature. In no way did Wiesel try to lighten up the story about the concentration camps or the Nazis. His use of fire also helps show his purpose. â€Å"Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, that turned my life into one long night seven timesRead MoreCultivating The Gardens : Candide And Night1577 Words   |  7 Pages2110 November 26th, 2014 Cultivating the gardens: Candide and Night The Holocaust was a genocide in which approximately six million Jews were killed by the Nazi regime under the command of Adolf Hitler. While many did perish during the holocaust, some survived to tell the haunting tales of what they endured. One of which was a young Romanian man named Elie Wiesel, a Jewish-American professor and political activist. (The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity) In 1940, Romania lost the town of SighetRead MoreMegan Cooper . Instructor Klug. English 10B. April 21,968 Words   |  4 Pages Megan Cooper Instructor Klug English 10B April 21, 2017 Analyzing Night Style The Holocaust was the systematic and bureaucratic murder of six million Jews by the Nazi party and its collaborators. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities targeted many groups of people because of their perceived racial inferiority including Gypsies, the disabled, and some of the Slavic peoples. Other groups were persecuted on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds. Several authorsRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel842 Words   |  4 Pagesthemes of Night and the imagery that the author, Elie Wiesel, uses to create them. The themes we will discuss are identity, silence, and night. !!!About the Book If you were an observant Jew who believed in a loving God, then you and your family were captured by a group of ill-intentioned people, causing the death of your family, what would you think about whether God and humans are good or not? That is the main concern of Eliezer, the main character in Night. Night was writtenRead MoreThe Night By Elie Wiesel1636 Words   |  7 PagesElie Wiesel s Night chronicles his experience surviving in a concentration camp. He, along with every other Jew in his town, and many more throughout Europe, were sent to concentration camps for no fault of their own. Hitler, the fascist dictator of Germany and most of Europe, hated them because of their religion. He considered them a separate, inferior race and created the concentration camps to kill them all. Elie lost his mother, little sister, father, and nearly everyone he knew to these factoriesRead MoreElie Wiesel s The Holocaust1315 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II. The memoir, Night by Elie Wiesel is based on Wiesel’s experiences in concentration camps, in order to give readers an insight of someone who was a victim of the Holocaust. The young narrator, Elie Wiesel, faces countless struggles for survival among the horrors of the Holocaust. In the memoir, Eliezer, the passionately, devoted boy with a benevolent family, is taken from his home and sent to a concentration camp. Through their unstable and dangerous journey, Elie is detached from his motherRead MoreFigurative Death in Night995 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death of Good: Figurative Death in Night In the early 1940’s, Hitler started death camps. His goal was to kill all of the Jews because they were not pure Germans. He started concentration camps, where they would beat and starve the prisoners until they died. The prisoners went through selections to see what job to make them, and if they were not fit enough, to kill them. The Nazis used crematories in which they burned prisoners, in ovens, until they were ashes. One of the most infamous concentrationRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel1087 Words   |  5 PagesNight by Elie Wiesel The aim of this book review is to analyze Night, the autobiographical account of Elie Wiesel’s horrifying experiences in the German concentration camps. Wiesel recounted a traumatic time in his life with the goal of never allowing people to forget the tragedy others had to suffer through. A key theme introduced in Night is that these devastating experiences shifted the victim s view of life. By providing a summary, critique, and the credentials of the author Elie Wiesel, thisRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel1476 Words   |  6 PagesIn Night, by Elie Wiesel, one man tells his story of how he survived his terrible experience during the Holocaust. Wiesel takes you on a journey through his â€Å"night† of the Holocaust, and how he survived the world’s deadliest place, Auschwitz-Birkenau. Elie Wiesel will captivate you on his earth shattering journey through his endless night. Elie Wiesel’s book Night forces you to open your eyes to the real world by using; iron y, diction, and repetition to prove that man does have the capability to

The Four Pillars Of Analytical Competition - 770 Words

Within the Four Pillars of Analytical Competition as described by Davenport and Harris (2007), TMNAS has varying degrees of success as well as failure. The authors describe these pillars as pivotal to ability of any organization to successfully develop in to analytical competitors. The first of these pillars is labeled Support of Strategic, Distinctive Capability (p. 24). Although TMNAS has identified its strategic capability as delivering â€Å"†¦efficiencies and cost savings through the streamlining of processes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Overview 2015), it has been not examined as a viable capability to leverage in terms of Competitive Analytics. Furthermore, given the distinct nature of TMNAS, it stands to reason that the organization may elect to take a back seat to the group companies as far as identifying a strategic capability. In examining the company’s position as a services organization, it may behoove the company to play a support role to the group companies and t heir front office functions in fostering the identification of strategic and distinctive capabilities. Additionally, it could fall on the members of TMNAS IT to support the spread of competitive analytics within each of its sister companies. TMNAS has not contributed to or fostered this step on the road to analytics within the group companies therefore its position within this pillar of analytics competition requires more attention and resources. The next pillar identified by Davenport and Harris (2007) is described as AnShow MoreRelatedCritical Value Of Analytics : The New Science Of Winning Essay957 Words   |  4 Pagesnew data age. Every company and organization should strive to become an analytical competitor. Competing on Analytics reveals how companies think about their data and their exploitation of that data. Also, it highlights how companies such as the Boston Red Sox, Netflix, Amazon.com, CEMEX, Capital One, and Harrah’s Entertainment use analytics to build thei r competitive strategies and make better decisions in the severe competition. These companies and organizations use analytics to identify the mostRead MoreAnalysis Of Tencent : A Chinese Investment Company Established By Huateng Ma And Zhidong Zhang1743 Words   |  7 Pagessays, good analytical capabilities require good information management capabilities to integrate, extract, transform, and access business transaction data. Actually, Tencent also has good information management to complete the whole process of getting the important and accurate data what they want. By analytics, we mean the extensive use of data, statistical and quantitative analysis, explanatory and predictive models, and fact-based management to drive decisions and actions. Analytical is a partRead MoreThis Article Will Introduce The Structure Of Competing1129 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy of automotive manufacturer Toyota. First, the article will explain the four pillar model and five stages models and apply it to Toyota. Then it will address the competitive analytical advantage of the company in detail. Finlay it will discuss the internal and external competition on analytics of Toyota. Competing on Analytics Based on Davenport and Harris (2007)’s pillars of analytical competition, there are four pillars: distinctive capability, enterprise-wide analytics, senior management commitmentRead MoreAmazon : An Electronic Commerce And Cloud Computing Company1114 Words   |  5 PagesAmazon’s Current Position in Analytical Competition We can assess a company’s position and capability on analytics from four pillars of analytical competition, including distinctive capability, enterprise-wide analytics, senior management commitment and large-scale ambition. Based on performance of each pillar, analytical competition can be divided into 5 stages – analytically impaired, localized analytics, analytical aspirations, analytical companies and analytical competitors [3]. Amazon locatesRead MoreInformation And Data Of Analytics1750 Words   |  7 Pagesfor analysis, is the analysts who use these tools to interpret large amounts of data and make recommendations to management based on their findings. Over the past four summers I have worked for a global contractor management, payroll and compliance company based out of Australia called CXC Global. The company operates out of four regions which include: Australia, Europe, the Americas, and Southeast Asia. During the first couple of summers I spent working for the company I served as a social marketingRead MoreCompeting On Analytics : The New Science Of Winning Essay2059 Words   |  9 Pagescompetitive strategies companies are using today involve improving key business processes for which data analytics comes into play. The first five chapters of Competing on Analytics: The New Science of Winning (2007), discusses in detail what analytical competition is, identifies its key attributes, talks about how it can lead to improved business performance, and provides examples of different applications of competitive analytics both internally and externally. Using this information as the basis ofRead MoreHow Analytics Helps An Organizati on Optimize Their Business Processes1730 Words   |  7 PagesDavenport and Harris (2007), defined analytics, as the â€Å"extensive use of data, statistical and quantitative analysis, explanatory and predictive models, and fact-based management to drive decisions and actions.† [2]. An article titled Outsmart the Competition by Jackie Zack in Teradata Online magazine states that â€Å"analytics can help an organization optimize their business processes to make them effective as possible.† [3]. It is a proven fact that proper use of analytics can lead an organizations toRead MoreTop Two Marketing Agency : The First Marcom Agency1419 Words   |  6 Pagesintensively trained for 4 months and began to work directly with both internal and external clients for a year. The experience was over exceed my expectation, it’s great! Company’s Position and Ability to Compete on Analytics Venus Communications is an analytical practitioner. The company is working to become more data driven. Back to the time I worked in the company, the admin department was looking to recruit the most talented market research analytics. The human talent execution team set a high standardRead MoreAnalysis : The Four Pillars Of Analytics2171 Words   |  9 Pagesthe pillars of analytics competition? The four pillars of analytics prove to be important in their own aspect. Every business uses the four pillars differently and, as pointed out in â€Å"Competing on Analytics,† some of the small business may not use all of the pillars. However, after reading the effects of the pillars, it may be worthwhile for even the smallest of business to try to incorporate these to their strategies to better compete. I felt as though JUJAMA utilizes each of the pillars in theRead MoreMethods Of Using Data Relationships And Computer Models1605 Words   |  7 Pageslevel approach to and Management of Analytics 3) Senior management commitment 4) Large scale ambition The above four mentioned characteristics are called the four pillars of analytic completion with senior management commitment being the pivotal characteristic as it can make others characteristics possible. In the case of KKR within the pillars of analytic competition is growing strong. The senior management i.e the CEO Sharukh Khan along with other stake holders and support

Feminist View on Society Free Essays

Feminist views on society; Feminists believe that society is male dominated (patriarchal). Feminists want women and men to have equal rights and powers as there is inequality between the two sexes. They look at society on a macro scale so the ideas are generalised to the whole of society. We will write a custom essay sample on Feminist View on Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Feminists also believe that society is based on disagreement and conflict between the sexes as women believe they have been disadvantaged in society. Liberal feminists believe that men and women are becoming more equal in society, and that the inequality between men and women was caused due to sexist laws and the differences in socialisation. They believe that in order abolish feminism people need to be brought up differently and all sexist laws need to be gotten rid of. Marxist feminists believe that women are still unequal in society and that women are there to benefit capitalism by being unpaid housewives. They look on the family in a negative and critical way as they feel this is what caused their oppression along with capitalism. As they gave up work to take care of children and had housework responsibilities, thus becoming dependent on their husbands for money and everything else. Marxist feminists believe that in order for there to be equality between the sexes capitalism needs to be abolished and replaced with a communist society. Radical feminists also believe that men and women are still unequal in society and that men benefit more from family life. They believe that they are exploited by men and the patriarchal society. Some radical feminists believe that the solution is separation. Feminism does have some criticism’s for example they tend to overlook the fact that the general position of women in society has changed over time and this can only be explained in terms of economic and political changes in society. They also fail to understand that fundamentally society is unequal in its economic and social structure, and that equal opportunity is a fairly meaningless concept as society is divided by class and economic exploitation. Women as well as working class men are at an economic disadvantage. How to cite Feminist View on Society, Papers

Marketing Management Plan of La Trobe University

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Management Plan of La Trobe University. Answer: Introduction The report describes the marketing plan that La Trobe University will utilize in order capture a sizeable market. The report begins with the presentation of the situation analysis of the organization followed by the assessment of the customers. Also, it examine the competition prevailing in the market, the marketing strategies that will be used with focus on the 4Ps of marketing and end by giving recommendations and conclusion. Situation Analysis The target organization is La Trobe University. The market under which the organization operates is education industry with focus in research and teaching. The type of product adopted is the Masters of Business management online. The size of the market is approximated to be 50% and the major segment is students of age between 25years to 40 years. Over the years, the organizations growth has been growing steady but the focus was only on other programs not online based (Liu et al., 2016). The major players in the market are Open University, University of Australian and Queensland University. The three universities are ranked among the highest in the university world ranking. The macro environment of the business is Australia. The nation has a stable political and economic system that supports research and training through education. The Customers (Target Market Segments) The customers targeted by La Trope University are learners from various parts of the world and are segmented based on Age and lifestyle. According to (Marak Chaipoopirutana, 2015), segmentation is strategy of indentifying the market sectors through sectioning based on similar attributes. It assists the organization to figure out which market they will target. For the case of La Trope University, the market share that will be targeted get will be based on demographic and life stages. In demographic segmentation, the target will be based on age. Here the market will be segmented such that customers under the age of 25 years to 39 years get grouped as a segment (Rahmani, Emamisaleh Yadegari, 2015). The reason for selecting this age bracket is because majority of learners wish to undertake postgraduate courses fall under the age bracket. Also, it is the mid-point of ones career development and many learners at the age will wish to progress upward in their career. When life stages are taken into consideration then the make will be segmented so as to target customers who are over 40 years (Shibata Kodama, 2015). The reason for selecting this is that at the age of 40 years some people live a different life and any action taken is for fame and familiarization. People over 40 years would wish to undertake postgraduate courses for fame and prestige. They would also want to carry out at their own appropriate time and hence online program will be convenient. The environment of undertaking postgraduate online course is stable since the program has been facilitated by technology and hence any challenges to the customer have been made very minimal (Obasan, Ariyo Hassan, 2015) Competitiveness La Trope University has created their program such that it stand out among the many in the market. The university has created the program that is market related. By this we mean that any employer requiring an employee with hand on skills looks no other place beside La Trope University graduates. In order to make it very competitive, the University has made sure that they have well experienced lecturers with long standing in research particularly in learning institution (Seifbarghy, Nouhi Mahmoudi, 2015). Additionally, the organization has embraced technology and created strong and reliable program that supports online programs. This augments very well with the fact that almost majority of the targeted customers are very well conversant with the use of technology (Kormishkina et al., 2015). However, the organization is cognizant with the fact the there are other competitors in the market. The major competitors are Open University, University of Australia and University of Queensland. In the assessment of these three universities, it is clear that University of Australia is very competitive owing to the reputation that has gained internationally, followed by the University of Queensland. The Open University irrespective of the fact that it started specializing in online programs has not gained a lot of reputation. This leaves room for La Trope University to compete with the giants. Marketing Strategies The organization targets international market with the fact that online programs can now be done with ease and one covers the course content just as anybody in full time study. The market is made on the basis of age and life stages. The reason is that these segments present the greatest opportunity for the organization to venture. Also, these are the people who are conscious of their career objectives. It is with these that the organization will employ differentiated marketing mix. With all variables at stability, the organization thus will venture into a viable niche in the international market. It is because there is large market that is not tapped owing to the reason that the clients (Katsikeas, Leonidou Zeriti, 2016). The Product The organizations product is Masters in Business Management online. As per Jiang, Shang, Liu, May, 2015), a product forms the basis in which the organization get to gain from the effort as well as finances invested. It is the item that has value. In the development of a product, the organization will decide on the market need that is not fulfilled. There is increase in the demand of education globally and the market is large that it cannot be satisfied by the present players who are in the market. As a result of the huge unmet market, the organization will have to design the product with the recognition of the potential employers in the job market. The product must represent the requirements that are needed in the job market. Therefore market oriented program is needed. Also, the organization needs to ensure that the program will be acceptable in the global market. Therefore the program must be accredited with the relevant bodies. According to Kameoka et al., (2015), education in th e current era is becoming universal and thus the means of getting education has been made closer to the people through the use of online platforms. Based on this, the La Trope University must take the role of ensuring that reliable and market oriented postgraduate programs become available at affordable prices. Since the product that will be presented is in intangible, the packaging part will not be necessary. The Brand The organization employs the university brand in branding their products. It is in tandem with the mission and mission. The brand category is under the service sector. The distinctiveness of the brand is the ability to impart practical skills and knowledge to its customers. It is with this that graduates from the university get better placements and good job opportunities in the market. This is attributed to the fact that former students who have graduated and employed display outstanding performance. It is with this that the reputation of the brand has been entrenched to the hearts of the employers. The product brand benefits segments categorized under age (25years 39 years) and life stages (40 years and above) owing to the convenience and flexibility in which the learners can enroll and learn from any part of the globe provided there is accessibility of internet connection (Hoegele, Schmidt Torgler, 2016). Price The price is the value placed on the product in relation to the cost incurred in the manufacturing the product. This dictates the success of the organization in comparison to the competitors in the market. Proper pricing means profitability to the organization. In this strategy of pricing, there are diverse strategies that organizations may adapt. This is based on the competition, the cost of production and the target of profits required in a given period. In the case of La Trobe University, three strategies are suggested within which if the organization adapts increase the customer will base (Goi, 2015). The first strategy is premium pricing. This is the type of strategy where the organization has the discretion to put prices much higher as compared to those of competitors. The advantage of the strategy is that the rate of returns is higher. It is suggested that the organization adopt the strategy at the maturity period of the product. It is at this stage where the product brand have gained reputation and many of the targeted market will be willing and ready to go for the brand (Fill Turnbull, 2016). The next strategy is penetration strategy. This method gets employed when the product is newly introduced in the market. The customers are not conversant with the product brand and takes time to get used to it. The price is set such that they are much lower as compared to that of the contenders in the market. The reason is to gain customer awareness, increase reputation and thus increase customer base (De Keyser, Schepers Konu?, 2015). Also, skimming is another pricing strategy that is proposes to be adopted by the organization. The organization set prices in a manner that other prices are lowered whereas other are increased. It is employed mostly during the decline stage of product life cycle. It is the stage where the product is now not getting clients. The reason for this is that products that still have reputation get to boost product s which have lost reputation and are in the brim of extinction. The method is employed to keep the customer base while other strategies of transforming the product get created (David et al., 2015). Distribution The distribution strategy is a technique of letting the product reach to the customer. The aim is to create easy convenience and accessibility of the product to the client. In business, the client always is given the priority. Since the product relates very much to provision of services, the organization employees direct selling. This is the method where the product is sold to the client directly with no need of intermediaries. The method is best suited for products that are intangible (Brown, 2016). Communication This is the stage where the entire marketing communication gets integrated. The strategy depends solely on the product and the pricing used. The aim of the strategy is the make the product known to the customers and to increase customer base. All other strategies in the marketing mix depend on the product. When the promotional strategy is very effective, then there is likelihood of increasing the product volume, increasing the distribution channels and increasing the price (Boon and Liang, 2015). Based on the La Trobe University, it is suggested that they adopt extensive promotion strategy so that they can reach a wide range of customers. Under this, it is advisable that print media, public relations and online advertising be adopted. The advantage of print media is that it covers wider area and thus large customer base will be reached. Public relations allow direct contact with the client through the use of education days and the organization through all times create good image that get the pubic attracted to buy the products of the organization. The use of online marketing is as well advantageous given the fact that a many targeted segment are well versed with the use of technology (Barrett and Weinstein, 2015). Contingencies It is recommended that the first contingency plans to be included in the plan are continuity plan. In the development and presentation of the program, certain people took part. In many cases, these people might at one point in time change jobs or death. Plans must be such that other people are groomed so as to take charge to avoid discontinuity. Also, asset security must be put in place, since the program is via in line platforms, there is need to secure the product so as the organization have product intellectual rights and hence protected. It is recommended that internet be adopted as a way of distributing the product. This calls for the organization to embrace e-commerce and online marketing. Through this the product is able to reach the customer with ease. Additionally, there is need to have re-organization plans put in place. As a result of the stiff completion, there is need for the organization to plan for challenges that might arise particularly when there are many players in the market. It assists in maintaining the customer base. Control In ensuring that the marketing plan is working as expected, the following three type of marketing metrics get used. The first one is ROAS (Return On Advertising Spend). It is a technique used to measure profits gained through promotion. It assesses the performance of the marketing plan. It gives the best level of the marketing channel and the best target market segment. It is calculated by the formula: ROAS = (Ad revenue/ Cost of ad source). The second control method is ROI (Return on Investment). ROI = (Net Profit / Cost of Investment) x 100. This gives the effectiveness as well as the value of investment as it shows gain or losses. In marketing, the method can be employed to assess the effectiveness of the promotion strategy used. The other method that can be used is the Customer Retention Rate. The technique determines the loyalties of customers to the product brand, whether the organization is getting new clients and retaining old ones. It is given by: Customer Retention Rates = (Customers End Period New Customers for this Period) / Customers at Start of the Period x 100 Ethics and sustainability plays a crucial role to the brand in that the organization need to make sure that ethics of academic integrity get adhered to in delivering the brand. Also sustainability ensures that the organization create a sustainable product that is able to get adapt to changing environments. In the brand, it is advisable that the organization uses expanded marketing mix (8Ps). On top of the 4Ps, the organization must add people, physical evidence, partnerships and process since each of these has a role in the delivery of the product to the intended market. Recommendation La Trope University must take the role of ensuring that reliable and market oriented postgraduate programs become available at affordable prices. Since the product that will be presented is in intangible, the packaging part will not be necessary. The organization will need to use three strategies are suggested within which if the organization adapts will increase the customer base: the premium pricing, penetration strategy and the skimming strategy. It is recommended that internet be adopted as a way of distributing the product. This calls for the organization to embrace e-commerce and online marketing and adopt extensive promotion strategy so that they can reach a wide range of customers. Conclusion The marketing plan if implemented by the University for the Masters in Business Management online will attract many customers to undertake their studies via online flat form as the product brand it is flexible, accessible and one can do the program from any part of the globe. References Barrett, H. and Weinstein, A., 2015. Corporate entrepreneurship, the marketing mix, and business performance. InProceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 144-150). Springer International Publishing. Boon, B.T.L. and Liang, T.W., 2015. Firms Marketing Mix Effectiveness and Modes of Entry in the Host Countries. InProceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 474-474). Springer International Publishing. Brown, A.A., 2016.Impact of the macro and micro economic environment on business strategy: a case study on Lonmin Platinum(Doctoral dissertation). David, N., Schramm-Klein, H., Rank, O. Wagner, G., 2015. Customer segmentation in retailing based on retail brand patronage patterns.The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research,25(5), pp.449-459. De Keyser, A., Schepers, J. Konu?, U., 2015. Multichannel customer segmentation: Does the after-sales channel matter? A replication and extension.International Journal of Research in Marketing,32(4), pp.453-456. Fill, C. Turnbull, S.L., 2016. Marketing communications: brands, experiences and participation. Goi, C.L., 2015. Marketing Mix: A review of' P'.The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce,2005. Hoegele, D., Schmidt, S.L. Torgler, B., 2016. The importance of key celebrity characteristics for customer segmentation by age and gender: Does beauty matter in professional football?.Review of Managerial Science,10(3), pp.601-627. Jiang, Y., Shang, J., Liu, Y. May, J., 2015. Redesigning promotion strategy for e-commerce competitiveness through pricing and recommendation.International Journal of Production Economics,167, pp.257-270. Kameoka, Y., Yagi, K., Munakata, S. Yamamoto, Y., 2015. November. Customer segmentation and visualization by combination of self-organizing map and cluster analysis. InICT and Knowledge Engineering (ICT Knowledge Engineering 2015), 2015 13th International Conference on(pp. 19-23). IEEE. Katsikeas, C.S., Leonidou, C.N. Zeriti, A., 2016. Eco-friendly product development strategy: antecedents, outcomes, and contingent effects.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, pp.1-25. Kormishkina, L.A., Kormishkin, E.D., Semenova, N.N. Koloskov, D.A., 2015. Favorable Macro Environment: Formula of Investment Activity Growth under the Economic Paradigm Shifted.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(4), p.163. Marak, D.R. Chaipoopirutana, S., 2015. The impact of micro and macro environment on profitability of technology companies in Thailand. Liu, Y., Li, K.J., Chen, H. Balachander, S., 2016. The Effects of a Product's Aesthetic Design on Demand and Marketing Mix Effectiveness: The Role of Segment Prototypicality and Brand Consistency.Journal of Marketing. Obasan, K.A., Ariyo, O.O. Hassan, B.A., 2015. Marketing strategy and product performance: a study of selected firms in Nigeria.Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management,8(6), pp.669-674. Rahmani, K., Emamisaleh, K. Yadegari, R., 2015. Quality Function Deployment and New Product Development with a focus on Marketing Mix 4P model.Asian Journal of Research in Marketing,4(2), pp.98-108. Seifbarghy, M., Nouhi, K. Mahmoudi, A., 2015. Contract design in a supply chain considering price and quality dependent demand with customer segmentation.International Journal of Production Economics,167, pp.108-118. Shibata, T. Kodama, M., 2015. Managing the change of strategy from customisation to product platform: case of Mabuchi Motors, a leading DC motor manufacturer.International Journal of Technology Management,67(2-4), pp.289-305.

The merchant of venic Essays - British Films, English-language Films

The merchant of venic "The Merchant of Venice" by WIlliam Shakespeare. "The Merchant of Venice" is a play about revenge, justice, deseption and friendship. The story is about, Shylock a wealth Jew, lending one of his enemies, Antonoi, three thousand ducats. Although Antonio is a rich merchant all his resources are in his ships, trading too distant countries, but because he wants to help out his friend,Bassanio, he has no choice but to ask Shylock for a loan , not to know it could lead to his death. In this play there is a big difference between the Christian charaters and Shylock, the main difference being Shylock seems to be more interested in his money and business rather than human relationships, which the Christian charaters seem to b e more interested in. However, in one part of the play Shylock seems to be hurt at the fact his daughter has sold a ring, which his deceases wife gave him, for a monkey. (Act 3 Scene 1 ) " It was my turquoise, I had it off Leah when i was a bachelor. I Would not have given it for a Wilderness of monkeys. " This shows a side to Shylock that we have never seen. It shows the love he had and still has for his deceased wife Leah. Shylock shows how hurt and betrayed he feels that his daughter has sold his ring by saying that he wouldn't had given it away for a " wilderness of monkeys ". Another theme in the play that Shylock brings out is predjudice. He judges people before he gives them a chance to show what they are really like. He has different veiws on different characters depanding on who they are. ( Act 1 Scene 3 ) "I hat him for he is a Christian" This shows how he feels against antonio , a Christian whom he has never met and it shows how prejudice he can be. In one part of the play Shylock shows a side to him we have never seen before. Instead if seeing him as the man who is greedy and self-centred, we see a man who has been ridiculed and ill treated. ( Act 1 Scene 3 ) "Many a thime and oft in the ralto You have rated me about my moneys And my usanes still i have borne it With a patient shrug, for sufferance Is the badge of all our tribe. You Call me a misbeliever cut-throught Dog and spit on mu Jewish Gabardine. " THe quote shows that shylock feels almost hurt at the fact the Christian characters are looking donw on him and hir religion although he was doing the exact same to Bassanio. In conclusion we see how the playwright uses charaterisation to reveal the themes of the play. I think Shaspeare shows this very well and the play was very exciting and enjoyable to read. The Character of Shylock in Merchant of Venice Few characters created by Shakespeare embodies pure evil like the character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. Shylock is a usurer and a malevolent, blood-thirsty old man consumed with plotting the downfall of his enemies. He is a malignant,vengeful character, consumed with venomous malice1; a picture of callous, unmitigated villainy, deaf to every appeal of humanity2. Shylock is the antagonist opposite the naive, essentially good Antonio, the protagonist; who must defend himself against the "devil" Shylock. The evil he represents is one of the reasons Shakespeare chose to characterize Shylock as a Jew, as Jews of his time were seen as the children of the Devil, the crucifiers of Christ and stubborn rejecters of God's wisdom and Christianity. However, when Shakespeare created Shylock, he did not insert him in as a purely flat character, consumed only with the villainy of his plot. One of the great talents that Shakespeare possessed, remarks Shakespeare analyst Harrold R. Walley, was his ability to make each key character act like a real, rational person. Walley said of all of Shakespeare's characters, hero or villain, that "Their conduct is always presented as logical and justifiable from their point of view3." To maintain the literary integrity of the play, "Shakespeare is under the necessity

How Do You Get That Lonely essays

How Do You Get That Lonely essays Too often in life people dwell upon issues that cannot be changed. Instead of coming to terms with their inner demons they turn to drugs, alcohol, and in extreme cases suicide. It was just another story written on the second page, underneath the Tigers football score. It said he was only eighteen...they found him face down on the bedroom floor, is the first verse from Blaine Larsens song How Do You Get That Lonely. In this verse it seems that the boys death is of no great significance. However, in the chorus the listener becomes aware that this boy has taken his own life: ...how do you hurt that bad to make the call, that havin no life at all is better than the life you had. The theme of this song is all the grief and unanswered questions that suicide presents to those left behind. In How Do You Get That Lonely, the questions Larsen asks are Did his girlfriend break up with him, did he buy or steal that gun; Did he lose a fight with drugs or alcohol; Did his Mom and Daddy forget to say I love you son; Did no one see the writing on the wall? Of course these are impossible to answer because nobody knows. Although Larsen realizes people do the best they can and is not blamin anybody, he still doesnt understand how this boy became so lonely and nobody has a real explanation; they can only speculate. In conclusion, Larsen, like the others in the life, cannot make sense of this tragedy. Everybody is unable to grasp why or how anybody could take his or her life especially since this boy showed no signs of discontentment. Thus, his death is unnecessary because it only hurts those dearest to him. In addition, it emphasizes that suicide is not a solution to a problem because it only creates more pain for others, and it leaves them blaming themselves even. ...

The implications of the deviations of the purchasing power Essay

The implications of the deviations of the purchasing power - Essay Example The deviation from PPP will also result in the variation of operating margins significantly. This will in turn affect the competitiveness of the multi-national companies. The main reason for the failure of Law of One Price is the presence of transaction cost. When the deviation of the exchange rate from PPP raises, arbitrage forces will later on become more strong. For a company who deals with differentiated goods, by grouping under one category, the PPP will deviate and this will result in increase in arbitrage forces.Question 2: You are hired by a South African firm with all local costs that has recently entered the export market. The firm prices their contracts in US$, as this is necessary to gain market share. They now realize that with 25% of sales as exports, they face a reasonably sized exchange rate exposure and are not sure whether they should hedge it or not. Knowing that you have training in international financial management, they ask you for advice. Provide a summary of your response on the types of foreign exchange risk this company faces and whether the firm should hedge the exposure. The Company Faces Transaction Risk and Economic Risk:â€Å"Transaction risk, which is basically cash ï ¬â€šow risk, deals with the effect of exchange rate moves on transactional account exposure related to receivables (export contracts), payables (import contracts), or repatriation of dividends. An exchange rate change in the currency of denomination of any such contract will result in a direct transaction exchange rate risk to the ï ¬ rm†.

Aviation Safety Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aviation Safety Questions - Essay Example Of course the responsibility lies with the air carrier to safeguard their customers, their employees and provide them proper working environment in every possible way, but it is in their best interest as well so to say, as regards to business point of view, because statistics have shown that an aircraft accidents’ true cost in claims, lost employee time or use, and lost customers is 4 times the actual cost of the accident. For example, US Air estimates that the Pittsburgh accident’s actual cost was 30 to 40 Million dollars. This means that the accidents true cost is somewhere around 140 Million dollars. The FA act charges the FAA with the responsibility for promulgating and enforcing adequate standards and regulations (Alexander & Clarence, 2004). The main focal point of any Air Carrier Safety Program is the Safety Officer. Sometimes those that see the best are those that are not as close to the situation. To ensure safety, an outsider like safety officer is a very practical solution. FSDOs nationwide handle the dual function of safety inspection and advice for airline. Local FSDOs conducts several types of inspections on each airline’s maintenance and operations functions. If a certificate holder fails to comply, section 609 of the FA act specifies that the FAA may reexamine any certificate holder or appliance. Inspectors periodically conduct maintenance base inspections which focus on the record kept by an airline like airworthiness directives compliance, and conduct shop inspections to observe maintenance procedures and carry out ramp inspections to observe the airworthiness of the aircraft. A similar operations base inspection focuses on records concerning the hours of training and check rides given pilots and the rest periods between duty shifts given crews as required by regulations. En route inspections involve inspections of

The Ash Content Of A Crude Drug Biology Essay

The Ash Content Of A Crude Drug Biology Essay The ash content of a crude drug is generally taken to be the residue remaining after incineration. It usually represents the inorganic salts naturally occurring in the drug and adhering to it, but it may also include inorganic matter added for the purpose of adulteration. There is a considerable difference varies within narrow limits in the case of the same individual drug. Hence an ash determination furnishes a basis for judging the identity and cleanliness of a drug and gives information relative to its adulteration with inorganic matter. Ash standards have been established for a number of official drugs. Usually these standards get a maximum limit on the total ash or on the acid insoluble ash permitted. The total ash is the residue remaining after incineration. The acid insoluble ash is the part of the total ash which is insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid. The ash or residue yielded by an organic chemical compound is as a rule, a measure of the amount of inorganic matters present as impurity. In most cases, the inorganic matter is present in small amounts which are difficult to remove in the purification process and which are not objectionable if only traces are present. Ash values are helpful in determining the quality and purity of the crude drugs in powder form. Procedures given in Indian pharmacopoeia were used to determine the different ash values such as total ash and acid insoluble ash. Total ash Weighed accurately about 3 gm of air dried powdered drug was taken in a tarred silica crucible and incinerated by gradually increasing the temperature to make it dull red until free from carbon cooled and weighted and then calculated the percentage of total ash with reference to the air dried drug. Acid insoluble ash The ash obtained as directed under total ash above was boiled with 25 ml of 2N HCl for 5 minutes. The insoluble matter was collected on ash less filter paper, washed with hot water ignited and weighed, then calculated the percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the air dried drug. Water soluble ash The total ash obtained was boiled with 25 ml of water for 5 minutes. The insoluble matter was collected on an ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and ignited for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding 450ËÅ ¡C. The weight of insoluble matter was subtracted from the weight of total ash. The difference in weight represents the water soluble ash. The percentage of water soluble ash calculated with reference to the air dried drug. b. EXTRACTIVE VALUES Extractive values of crude drugs are useful for their evaluation, especially when the constituents of a drug cannot be readily estimated by any other means. Further, these values indicate the nature of the constituents present in a crude drug. Determination of alcohol soluble extractive value 5 gm of the air-dried coarse powder of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was macerated with 100 ml of 90% ethanol in a closed flask for 24 hours, shaking frequently during the first 6 hours and allowing standing for 18hours. Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against the loss of the solvent. Out of that filtrate, 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105ËÅ ¡C and weighed. The percentage of ethanol soluble extractive value was calculated with reference to the air- dried drug. The results are recorded in the table. Determination of water soluble extractive value Weigh accurately 5 gm of coarsely powdered drug and macerate it with 100 ml of chloroform water in a closed flask for 24 hours, shaking frequently during the first 6 hours and allow to standing for 18 hours. Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against loss of the solvent. Then 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105ËÅ ¡C and weighed. The percentage of water soluble extractive was calculated with reference to the air dried drug. The results are given in the table. c. LOSS ON DRYING Loss on drying is the loss in weight in percentage w/w determined by means of the procedure given below. It determines the amount of volatile matter of any kind (including water) that can be driven off under the condition specified (Desiccators or hot air oven). If the sample is in the form of large crystals, then reduce the size by quick crushing to a powder. Procedure About 1.5 gm of powdered drug was weighed accurately in a tarred porcelain dish which was previously dried at 105ËÅ ¡C in hot air oven to constant weight and then weighed. From the difference in weight, the percentage loss of drying with reference to the air dried substance was calculated. d. FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS [Kokate.C.K, 2002; Khandelwal KR 1996]. In the near-ultra region of the spectrum (3000-4000AËÅ ¡) some of the phytoconstituents show more or less brilliant coloration when exposed to radiation. This phenomenon of emitting visible wavelengths as a result of being excited by radiation of a different wavelength is known as fluorescence. Sometimes the amount of ultra-violet light normally present with visible light is sufficient to produce the fluorescence, but often a more powerful source of ultra-violet is necessary, e.g. mercury vapour lamp. It is often possible to make use of this phenomenon for the qualitative examination of herbal drugs. A fluorescence characteristic of the powdered leaves of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was observed in daylight and UV light. Also the fluorescent study was performed on treating the drug powder with different chemical reagents. The observed results are given in table. e. FOAMING INDEX: [Divakar M.C., 1996] Foaming index is mainly performed to determine the saponin content in an aqueous decoction of plant material. Determination of foaming index: Weighed accurately about 1g of coarsely powdered drug and transformed to 500ml conical flask containing 100ml of boiling water. Maintained at moderate boiling at 80-90ËÅ ¡c for about 30min. Cooled and added sufficient water through the filter to make up the volume to 100ml (V1). Cleaned 10 stoppered test tube of uniform dimension were taken and transferred the successive portions of 1,2,3ml up to 10ml and adjusted the volume of the liquid in each test tube with water to 10ml.Stoppered the tubes and shaken them in a lengthwise motion for 15 sec uniformly and allowed to stand for 15min and measure the height of foam. If the height of the foam in every tube is less than 1cm, the foaming index is less than 100(not significant). Here the foam was more than 1cm height after dilution of plant material. If the height of the foam in every tube is more than 1cm, the foaming index is more than 1000. In this case, 10ml of first decoction of plant material is measured and transferred to 100m l volumetric flask (V2) and volume is made to 100ml and followed the same procedure. 5.1. 2. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Extraction of plant material:- Petroleum ether extraction:- About 400gm of dry coarse leaf powder of the Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was extracted with petroleum ether 2500ml (40-600c) for 18 hrs by continuous hot percolation method. It was allowed to cool to 40oC and then filtered using whatman No.1 filter paper. The filtrate was then concentrated in a rotary evaporator and the extract stored at 4 °C until required. The extract yield (% w/w) from the plant material was recorded. Methanolic extraction:- About 400g of air dried coarse powdered material was taken in 1000ml soxhlet apparatus and soaked with petroleum ether for 2 days. At the end of second day the powder was taken out and it was dried. After drying it was again packed and extracted by using methanol (Changshu yangyuan chemicals, China) as solvent, till colour disappeared. The temperature was maintained at 55 °C-65 °C. After that extract was concentrated by distillation and solvent was recovered. The final solution was evaporated to dryness. The colour, consistency and yield (% w/w) of methanolic extract were noted. S.No. Name of extract Colour Consistency Yield% W/W 1 2 Methanolic extract Petroleum ether extract Blackish brown Blackish green Non Sticky mass sticky oily mass 16.75 1.60Table: 1. Nature and colour of extract of Anogeissu latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC). 5.1. 3 CHEMICAL TESTS: A) Test for carbohydrates 1. Molisch Test: It consists of treating the compounds of a-naphthol and concentrated sulphuric acid along the sides of the test tube. Purple colour or reddish violet colour was produced at the junction between two liquids. (Kokate, C.K et al, 2000) 2. Fehlings Test: Equal quantity of Fehlings solution A and B is added. Heat gently, brick red precipitate is obtained. 3. Benedicts test: To the 5ml of Benedicts reagent, add 8 drops of solution under examination. Mix well, boiling the mixture vigorously for two minutes and then cool. Red precipitate is obtained. 4. Barfoeds test: To the 5ml of the Barfoeds solution add 0.5ml of solution under examination, heat to boiling, formation of red precipitate of copper oxide is obtained. B) Test for Alkaloids 1. Dragendroffs Test: To the extract, add 1ml of Dragendroffs reagent Orange red precipitate is produced. 2. Wagners test: To the extract add Wagner reagent. Reddish brown precipitate is produced. 3. Mayers Test: To the extract add 1ml or 2ml of Mayers reagent. Dull white precipitate is produced. 4. Hagers Test: To the extract add 3ml of Hagers reagent yellow Precipitate is produced. C) Test for Steroids and Sterols 1. Liebermann Burchard test: Dissolve the test sample in 2ml of chloroform in a dry test tube. Now add 10 drops of acetic anhydride and 2 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid. The solution becomes red, then blue and finally bluish green in colour. 2. Salkowski test: Dissolve the sample of test solution in chloroform and add equal volume of conc. sulphuric acid. Bluish red cherry red and purple color is noted in chloroform layer, whereas acid assumes marked green fluorescence. D) Test for Glycosides 1. Legals test: Sample is dissolved in pyridine; sodium nitropruside solution is added to it and made alkaline. Pink red colour is produced. 2. Baljet test: To the drug sample, sodium picrate solution is added. Yellow to orange colour is produced. 3. Borntrager test: Add a few ml of dilute sulphuric acid to the test solution. Boil, filter and extract the filtrate with ether or chloroform. Then organic layer is separated to which ammonia is added, pink, red or violet colour is produced in organic layer. 4. Killer Killani test: Sample is dissolved in acetic acid containing trace of ferric chloride and transferred to the surface of concentrated sulphuric acid. At the junction of liquid reddish brown color is produced which gradually becomes blue. E) Test for Saponins Foam test: About 1ml of alcoholic sample is diluted separately with distilled water to 20ml, and shaken in graduated cylinder for 15 minutes.1 cm layer of foam indicates the presence of saponins. F) Test for Flavonoids Shinoda test: To the sample, magnesium turnings and then concentrated hydrochloric acid is added. Red colour is produced. G) Test for Tri-terpenoids In the test tube, 2 or 3 granules of tin was added, and dissolved in a 2ml of thionyl chloride solution and test solution is added. Pink colour is produced which indicates the presence of triterpenoids. H) Tests for Tannins and Phenolic Compounds: To 2-3 ml of extract, add few drops of following reagents: a). 5% FeCl3 solution: deep blue-black color. b). Lead acetate solution: white precipitate. c). Gelatin solution: white precipitate d). Bromine water: decolouration of bromine water. e). Acetic acid solution: red color solution f). Dilute iodine solution: transient red color. g). Dilute HNO3: reddish to yellow color. I) Test for Fixed Oils and Fatty acids a). Spot test: Small quantity of the extract is placed between two filter papers. Oil stain produced with any extract shows the presence of fixed oils and fats in the extracts. b). Saponification test: Few drops of 0.5N alcoholic potassium hydroxide are added to the extract with few drops of phenolphthalein solution. Later the mixture is heated on water bath for 1-2 hours soap formation indicates the presence of fixed oils and fats in the extracts. J) Test for Gums and Mucilage: a). Ruthenium red test: Small quantities of extract are diluted with water and added with ruthenium red solution. A pink colour production shows the presence of gums and mucilage. K) Test for Proteins and Amino acids Biuret test: Add 1 ml of 40% sodium hydroxide and 2 drops of 1% copper sulphate to the extract, a violet colour indicates the presence of proteins. Ninhydrin test: Add 2 drops of freshly prepared 0.2% Ninhydrin reagent to the extract and heat. A blue colour develops indicating the presence of proteins, peptides or amino acids. Xanthoprotein test: To the extract, add 20% of sodium hydroxide or ammonia. Orange colour indicates presence of aromatic amino acid. 5.1. 4.TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION Determination LD50 value of Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.ex.DC).wall.Gullperr Acute Oral Toxicity Study The procedure was followed by using OECD guidelines 423 (Acute toxic class method) Animals: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Procedure: Twelve animals (Wister Albino rats, 150-200gm) were selected for studies. The acute toxic class method is a step wise procedure with 3 animals of single sex per step. Depending on the mortality and / or moribund status of the animals, on average 2-4 steps may be necessary to allow judgment on the acute toxicity of the test animals while allowing for acceptable data based scientific conclusion. The method uses defined doses (5, 50, 300, 2000 mg / kg body weight) and the results allow a substance to be ranked and classified according to the Globally Harmonized system (GHS) for the classification of chemical which cause acute toxicity. Most of the crude extracts possess LD50 value more than 2000 mg. /kg of the body weight of animal used. Dose volume was administered 0.1 ml / 100 gm body weight to the animal by orally after giving the dose the toxic signs were observed within 3-4 hours. Body weight of animals before and after administration, onset of toxicity and signs of toxicity like changes in skin and fur, eyes, and mucous membrane and also respiratory, circulatory, autonomic and central nervous systems and somatomotor activity and behavior pattern, signs of tremors, convulsion, salivation, diarrhoea, lethargy, sleep and coma was also to be noted, if any , was observed. Observation No toxicity or death was observed for these given dose levels, in selected and treated animals. So the LD 50 of the Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC), as per OECD guidelines-423 is greater than 2000mg/kg (LD50 > 2000mg/kg). Hence, the biological dose was fixed at 200, 400 and 600mg/kg of body weight for the extract. PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION 5.2.1 Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Activity:- Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. 5.2.2 Experimental procedure Ethanol induced ulcer:- Male albino-Wistar rats were divided in to five groups of six animals per group and animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to the experiment in perforated steel cages to avoid coprophagy. Six groups were made as below Group I animals served as normal controls. Group II received 1% CMC (1.0ml/kg p.o) as vehicle control. Group III received 200mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received 400mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group V received 100mg/kg, Sucralfate as standard One hour after the drug treatment the animals were treated with absolute ethanol [5ml/kg] to induce ulcers. The animals were sacrificed after 1hrs and stomach was opened and percentage inhibition of ulcer was determined. (Mozafar khazaei et al., 2006, Paul V. et al 2002, Paul V. et al., 2000) Aspirin induced ulcer:- Male albino-Wistar rats were divided in to five groups of six animals per group and animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to the experiment in perforated steel cages to avoid coprophagy. Six groups were made as below Group I animals served as normal controls. Group II received 1% CMC (1.0ml/kg p.o) as vehicle control. Group III received 200mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received 400mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group V received 100mg/kg, Sucralfate as standard One hour after the drug treatment the animals were treated with aspirin [200 mg/kg] to induce ulcers. The animals were sacrificed after 1hrs and stomach was opened and percentage inhibition of ulcer was determined. (Mozafar khazaei et al., 2006, Paul V. et al 2002, Paul V. et al., 2000) 5.2.3 BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS:- The stomach was carefully excised keeping oesophagus closed and opened along greater curvature and luminal contents were removed. The gastric contents were collected in a test tube and centrifuged. The gastric contents were analyzed for gastric juice volume, pH, free and total acidity. 5.2.4 Measurement of gastric juice volume and pH:- Gastric juice was collected from ethanol induced ulcer rats. The gastric juice thus collected was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The volume of supernatant was measured and expressed as ml/100g body weight. The pH of the supernatant was measured using digital pH meter. (Canmon DC. et al., 1969, Kannappan et al., 2008, Patil K.S. et al., 2008, Paul V. et al., 2000) 5.2.5 Determination of free and total acidity:- An aliquot of 1.0 ml of gastric juice was pipette out in to a 50 ml conical flask and 2/3 drops of Topfers reagent was added to it and titrated with 0.01N NaOH until all traces of the red colour disappeared and the colour of the solution turned yellowish orange. The volume of 0.01N NaOH was noted which corresponds to free acidity. Then 2/3 drops of phenolphthalein was added and titration was continued until a permanent pink colour was developed. The volume of total alkali consumed was noted which corresponds to total acidity. The free acidity and total acidity was determined using the formula and values are expressed as mEq/l 100g. (Kannappanetal. 2008, Rajkapoor et al., 2002). Acidity = Volume of NaOH X Normality of NaOH X 100 (mEq/L per 100g) 0.01 5.2.6 Ulcer index (UI):- The mucosa was flushed with saline and stomach was pinned on frog board. The lesion in glandular portion was examined under a 10x magnifying glass and length was measured using a divider and scale and gastric ulcer was scored. Ulcer index of each animal was calculated by adding the values and their mean values were determined. (Malairajan et al., 2007) 0 Normal coloured stomach 0.5 Red colouration 1 Spot ulceration 1.5 Haemorrhagic streak 2 ulcers 3 Perforations 5.2.7 Percentage inhibition: Percentage inhibition was calculated using the following formula. (Malairajan et al., 2007) UI ulcer control UI ulcer treated % inhibition = X 100 UI ulcer control 5.2. 8. Statistical Analysis: All the values are expressed as mean  ± S.E.M for groups of six animals each. Analyzed by one way ANOVA and compared by using Tukey- Kramer multiple comparison tests. The values are statistically significant at three levels, ***p 0.05. 5.3. EVALUATION OF DIURETIC ACTIVITY Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Experimental procedure The method of (Lipchitz et.al., 1943) was employed for the evaluation of diuretic activity. The Male Albino-Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six rats in each as mentioned below. Group I received Normal saline (25mg/kg, p.o) as control. Group II received (400mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group III- received (600mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received Furosemide (20mg/kg, p.o) as standard. The animals were fasted and deprived of food and water for 18hour prior to the experiment. On the day of experiment, the group I animals serving as control, received normal saline (25ml/kg,p.o), the group II animals received methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) leaves (400mg/kg,p.o) and group III animals also received methanolic extract (600mg/kg,p.o), the group IV animals received Furosemide (20mg/kg,p.o), respectively, in normal saline. Immediately after the administration the animals were kept in metabolic cages (three per cage) specially designed to separate urine and fecal matter and kept at room temperature of 25  ± 0.5 ° C throughout the experiment. The total volume of urine was collected at the end of 5hrs after dosing. During this period no water and food was made available to the animals. The parameters taken for individual rat were body weight before and after test period, total concentration of Na+ , K+ and Cl ­- in the urine. The Na+ and K+ were measured by flame photometry and Cl ­- concentration was estimated by titration with silver nitrate (N/50) using three drop of 5% potassium chromate solution as indicator .the results are reported as mean  ±SD, the test of significance (P 5.3.1. Statistical analysis: All the values are expressed as mean  ± S.E.M for groups of six animals each. Analyzed by one way ANOVA and compared by using Tukey- Kramer multiple comparison tests. The values are statistically significant at three levels, ***p 0.05. 5.4 EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Procedures: Eddys hot plate method: The Male Albino-Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six rats in each as mentioned below. Group I received 1% CMC (3ml/kg, p.o) as control. Group II received (400mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group III- received (600mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received pentazocine (5mg/kg, p.o) as standard Analgesic activity was performed by using Eddys hot plate (Inco, India) maintained at a temperature of 55 ±1 °c. The basal reaction time of all animals towards thermal heat was recorded. The animals which showed forepaw licking or jumping response within 6-8 seconds were selected for the study. Male Albino rats were divided into 5 groups having 6 animals each and they were divided into 5 groups having 6 animals each and they were fasted overnight during the experiment free access to water. Group first received 1 % CMC (3ml/kg, p.o).Group second, third and fourth received methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.ex DC.) wall. Gull perr leaves of dose 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg, orally as a suspension in 1%CMC solution respectively Group five received Pentazocine (5mg/kg, p.o) as reference drug . 60 mins after the administration of test and reference compounds, the animals in all the six groups were individually exposed to the plate maintained at 55 °c and observations were recorded for 3 hours. The time taken in seconds for fore paw licking or jumping was taken as reaction time. A cut off period of 15 seconds is observed to avoid damage to the paws. The percentage protection was calculated using the formula, Percentage protection = (T/C-1) ÃÆ'-100 where, T is the reaction time of treated group and C the reaction time of control group.

Huck Finn: Oh, the Irony of Society!

Satire is a subtle literary technique involving the criticism of human idiocy through scorn and biting irony. With a faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade of crude bias and prejudice, satire's influence lies in the reader's capability of interpretation. Due to Mark Twain's constant application of racial aspersions, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn contains strong implications of an archetypal racist novel. However, with satirical insight and the shrewd application of realism and irony, the novel reveals itself to hold an opposing stance through its harsh ridicule of white society. Utilizing a sense of realism for the setting for his novel, Twain correctly portrays historical accuracy in the perspective of white society through the prejudice he presents. Twain attempts to instill a sense of authenticity in his readers while indistinctly instilling novel concepts that grow stronger and undeniable by the novel's conclusion. For example, when Aunt Sally hears of a steamboat explosion: â€Å"Good gracious! anybody hurt?† â€Å"No'm. Killed a nigger.† â€Å"Well, that's lucky, because sometimes people get hurt, â€Å"(167). Almost laughable in its absurdity, this quote portrays whites in a callous light, revealing their disdain for black lives. Aunt Sally is a respected figure in white society, not an outcast like Pap or the King and the Duke. Yet her judgment is no better than Pap's comments on his contempt of educated blacks; she simply does not consider them â€Å"people.† Twain's motivation was to exhibit the horrors of the south at that time, how highly regarded people in society were so heartless, not feeling any remorse for the loss of a life simply because it was black. Jim is another excellent example of Twain's usage of realism. Jim characterizes the stereotypical black slave, with terrible grammar, a nearly indiscernible accent and superstitious to the point of idiocy. Twain's agenda in typecasting Jim is not to deride blacks, but to make Jim a realistic, believable character by setting him up as a conventional black slave. Jim requires such establishment because he represented an individual with moral standards far above those of most whites, such as Pap and the Duke and the King. He is the moral center of the novel, sacrificing his freedom out of loyalty to Huck. Twain's message through Jim is clear: Even the average black slave has a more honorable soul than the majority of the white population. A notion profoundly difficult for Twain's intended audience to grasp, Huck becomes a liaison between his audiences, helping to bridge the difficulty of comprehension through his own confusion. One particularly monumental instance was after the separation in the fog, Huck tries to lie to Jim. However, when Jim realizes that Huck is trying to trick him, he voices his regret and disappointment of the broken trust. It is at this moment that Huck realizes Jim's keen sense of morality, and almost instantly feels apologetic. â€Å"It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger-but I done it, and I wrn't every sorry for it afterwards neither. I didn't do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldn't done that one if I'd ‘a' knowed it would make him feel that way,† ( ). The mere fact that Huck is regretful for hurting Jim, a black slave, shows Jim's impact on him, the â€Å"pinch of conscience† (Poirier 6) that the sheer morality of the man created in him. Irony was another strong factor in Twain's method of persuading his audiences. He effectively uses petty, seemly insignificant instances such as Tom Sawyer's boyish delusions of grandeur as metaphors of greater connotation. When questioned about his intricate plans, Tom replies, â€Å"Do you want to go doing different from what's in the books, and get things all muddled up?† (7). Tom is clearly a portrayal of white society, and his actions reflect his environment. On a larger scale, Huck's confusion about society's notions on respectability is similar to the questions presented toward Tom, and the answers given in return are analogous as well. â€Å"We have before us the creation in words of a whole society built on games, tricks, and illusions, and the adult version is only superficially different from the children's† (Poirier 2) There is hardly any common sense involved with decisions, only a common law established by unknown authorities and blindly upheld by the conformity of the masses. Due to his role as an outcast of white society, â€Å"Huckleberry Finn took the first journey back. He was the first to look back at the republic from the perspective of the west. His eyes were the first eyes that ever look at us objectively that were not eyes from overseas†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzgerald 1) Twain challenges his readers by such mockery, inviting them to join Huck's rational judgment, one unclouded by the shackles of the populace. Through subtle application, Mark Twain used realism and irony to contribute to Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, his satirical masterpiece. He uses white society's degrading of blacks and their unconscious actions to illustrate his obvious scorn of white society's hypocrisy and conformity, allowing for the gradual realization of the bleakness of white society.